1. REGENTS REVIEW

2. Topic-I Observation & Measurement
For any temperature conversion: use the chart on page-13 of ESRT
Percent Deviation
The density of a substance stays the same unless you change pressure or temperature
As temperature increases, density decreases
As pressure increases, density increases
Water is most dense as a liquid at 3.98 degrees Celsius

3. Topic-II Measuring Earth
Earth is a slightly oblate spheroid
Scale model of Earth would be a perfect sphere
Latitude & Longitude (ESRT pages-3-5)
Altitude of Polaris = latitude
Earth rotates from west to east at 15 degrees/hour
Be able to read contour maps
Gradient
Steepest part
Highest point
Drawing profiles
Which way does the river flow?

4. Topic-III Astronomy Big Bang Theory Overall structure: Stars
Doppler effect: Red-shift/Blue-shift
Overall structure:
Universe – Galaxies – Solar System – Earth
Stars
Energy production
Star chart on page-15 of ESRT
Solar System
Planets/moons/asteroids/meteors/comets
Planet data on page-15 of ESRT
Kepler’s Laws
Law of ellipses (eccentricity)
Law of equal areas
Law of revolution
Know orbital dynamics

5. Topic-IV Earth, Sun Moon
Sun’s path
Time
Seasons
Geocentric vs. heliocentric models
Moon
Phases
Period of Revloution
Tides
Eclipses
Solar
Lunar
In NYS, always look SOUTH to see the Sun
Day
Date
Vertical ray
Sun rise
Sun set
Day length
Summer solstice
June 21
Tropic of Cancer
23 1/2 N
N of E
N of W
Longest
Autumn equinox
September 23
Equator
East
West
12 hours
Winter solstice
December 21
Tropic of Capricorn
23 1/2 S
S of E
S of W
Shortest
Spring equinox
March 21

6. Topic-V Energy Electromagnetic Spectrum Chart on page-14 of ESRT
Surface characteristics & absorption
Energy Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Specific Heat (page-1 of ESRT)
Heat and changes in state (page-1 of ESRT)

7. Topic VI Insolation Angle of insulation Land & water heating
Greenhouse Effect
Temperature lag (daily & annual)
Global Warming

8. Topic-VII Weather Air/atmospheric/barometric pressure (ESRT page-13)
Effect of temperature
Effect of moisture
Effect of altitude
Wind
Local winds
Land/sea breeze
Global winds (ESRT page-14)
Ocean currents (ESRT page-4)
Moisture
Relative humidity
Dewpoint
ESRT page-12

9. More Weather Clouds & Precipitation Air Masses (ESRT page-13)
Highs-clockwise & out
Lows-counterclockwise & in
Fronts
Cold/warm/stationary/occluded (ESRT page-13)
Storms
Thunderstorms
Hurricanes
Tornadoes
Station Models (ESRT page-13)

10. Topic-VIII Water & Climate
Water Cycle
Infiltration
Porosity
Permeability
Capillarity
Climate
Temperature/moisture
Moderating effects of large bodies of water
Orographic Effect

11. Topic-IX Weathering & Erosion
Chemical vs. Physical
Factors that affect weathering
Exposure
Particle size
Composition
Climate
Soil
Erosion
Gravity is the driving force
Agents of Erosion
Gravity
Running water
Stream dynamics
Wind
Glaciers
Waves

12. Topic-X Deposition Erosional-Depositional system Sorting (ESRT page-6)
Horizontal
Vertical
Glacial Landscapes
Deposition along coastlines
Deposition by wind

13. Topic-XI Minerals & Rocks
Mineral Properties (ESRT page-16)
Rocks
Igneous (ESRT page-6)
Sedimentary (ESRT page-7)
Metamorphic (ESRT page-7)
Rock Cycle (ESRT page-6)
Mineral Resources

14. Topic-XII Plate Tectonics
Earth’s Interior (ESRT page-10)
Earthquakes
P-waves/S-waves (ESRT page-11)
Tsunamis
Volcanoes
Plate Tectonics (ESRT page-4)
Evidence
Converging Boundaries
Diverging Boundaries
Transform Boundaries

15. Topic-XIII Geologic History
Relative Dating
Oldest layer?
Index fossils/Volcanic ash
Absolute Dating
Radioactive dating (ESRT page-1)
Geologic Timescale (ESRT pages-8-9)
Evolution of Life on Earth (ESRT pages-8-9)

16. Topic-XIV Landscapes Plains Plateaus Mountains
Landscape Regions (ESRT page-2)
Effect of climate on landscapes

17. Test Tips USE THE REFERENCE TABLE Look up formulas
Read all the information in the question
Skip hard questions and come back to them later
Do not leave any questions blank
If you don’t know an answer, try to eliminate wrong choices and make an educated guess
If the question mentions a specific town in NY, grab your reference table! (page-3)