1. Final Exam Review CORC 1332 NET 1A & 1B
Exam will be Tuesday 5/24/2011 from 3:30-5:30 pm
Please note: our room was changed to 3127 Ingersoll!!
Bring with you a pen or pencil, calculator, ruler, string and protractor (optional) during the final.
No cell phones or other electronics devices are allowed.
Students will be permitted into the exam UNTIL the first completed exam is turned in. After that no additional entries to the exam.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences

2. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Minerals
Know the difference between a rock and a mineral.
Definition of a Mineral:
Definition of a rock:
Please note:
A mineral is any natural, inorganic (not living) solid, whose atoms are arranged in an orderly fashion (crystalline). As a result of the orderly arrangement of the atoms, the mineral has uniform composition throughout.
Which is DIFFERENT than:
Volcanic glass is an example of a natural, inorganic solids whose atoms are arranged randomly.
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

3. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Minerals
Know how to use a chart of mineral properties to identify an unknown mineral (similar to HW assignment):
Review mineral properties from the resource table at:
**Be sure you are thoroughly familiar with the introductory page for each mineral property (Hardness, Streak, color, Breakage, Crystals, Density, MVP, MNVP)
Review mineral families at:
Be able to give examples of members in the mineral families. For example: Feldspar family includes Orthoclase, Albite, Labradorite, Anorthite
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

4. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Mineral Properties
►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of a equal volume of water.
Density = Weight/Volume
1) Begin by recording the weight of the specimen, in this case grams.
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 4

5. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Mineral Properties
►HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
Density
2) The amount of water displaced is 20ml = 20cc ( )
3) Divide 155.8g/20cc = 7.79 g/cc.
So, the density of the minerals is 7.79g/cc.
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 5

6. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Review for Maps
You will be responsible to answer similar questions as you had on your map assignment.
This includes:
--Determining stream direction
--Labeling contours
--Finding the gradient
--Determining azimuth direction
--How to use the different scale bars to determine distance
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences

7. Maps: Determine Direction of Stream Flow
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
In what general direction is the stream flowing?
Answer: From West to East
(The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow)
Protractor used to determine azimuth readings
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences

8. Maps: Distance Between Two Points
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that
1.5 cm = 100 miles
Protractor
What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences

9. Maps: Distance Between Two Points
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
2) We measure the distance between the two points that is 8.5 cm = x miles
Protractor
What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

10. Maps: Distance Between 2 Points
Calculations
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

11. Scale bar length = 100 miles
Maps: Distance Between 2 Points (MILES)
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
Answer:
The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles.
Protractor
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

12. Maps: Gradient of a Steam
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
Protractor
What is the average gradient of the stream between points R and T?
Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a string along the course of the river.
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

13. Maps: Gradient of a Steam
2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement is 5 4/16 or 5 ¼ inches. *
After completing the calculations (on the left) the distance measured by the ruler is 884 miles (this is your horizontal distance).
*19/32 inches = length of scale bar
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences

14. Maps: Gradient of a Steam
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
Next, Measure the heights of points R and T.
Label the contours taking into account the
contour interval = 50 ft and the elevation of point Q = 583 ft
Protractor
500
500
f= 600 ft
h= 650 ft
k= 650 ft
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

15. Maps: Gradient of a Steam
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
500
2)Measure the heights of points R and T and find the difference
between them (this is your vertical difference).
R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft
Difference is 100ft.
500
f=600
h= 650 ft
k= 650 ft
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences

16. Maps: Gradient of a Steam To Calculate Gradient:
►Remember: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED) divided by the horizontal distance (HD):
To Calculate Gradient:
(Using the numbers from the previous slides)
ED (difference in elevation)= 100 feet
HD (horizontal distance) = 884 miles
100ft
884miles
= 0.11 feet/mile
Gradient= ED = HD
*Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)*
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

17. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
500
500
What is the elevation (in feet) of contour ‘d’?
Answer: 400 ft
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences

18. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
500
500
What is the elevation of contour ‘k’?
Answer: 650 feet
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

19. What is the differences between the two?
What is an outcrop?
What is bedrock?
What is the differences between the two?
►Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located beneath a surface layer of soil or other material.
►A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences

20. Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area
Be able to identify areas on the map.
Could you answer:
--Which borough is furthest North, South, East West?
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences

21. Longitude and Latitude
Any point on a line of latitude is its position North or South of the equator.
For example the Latitude of J is 5° 59’ 45” North
Any point on a line of longitude is its position East or West of the Prime Meridian.
For Example the Longitude of J is 71o 00’ 00” West
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

22. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Plate Tectonics
Be familiar with the evidence Alfred Wegener cited to support the hypothesis of
continental drift at:
Understand the difference between a scientific theory and hypothesis:
Know the contraction theory of mountain building, shown at:
Understand what paleomagnetism is:
Understand how the idea of convection cells is applied to the movements of crust and mantle.
Know where the heat causing this movement comes from.
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

23. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Plate Tectonics
Be thoroughly familiar with the characteristics of the different types of plate boundaries. You will have to review several web pages, starting with
When you review the section on earthquakes and volcanism, starting at be conscious of which tectonic setting are associated with both kinds of event and which are associated with only one. Be sure you know what causes earthquakes.
Be familiar with the phenomenon of intraplate volcanoes at
Know the difference between the various types of earthquake waves and how the epicenter of an earthquake is located. See
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

24. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Fourth Dimension
Review your Fourth Dimension assignment (short answer portion)
Know the difference between Law of Superposition, unconformities, Law of Horizontality and how to apply them when looking at a cross section:
Review transportation and depositional processes involving sediments:
How to determine rock origin
Understand the differences in the texture of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
Terms to know (Texture, Crystalline, Clastic, glass, vesicular, non-vesicular)
For example: If a geologist finds in the field a rock with poorly sorted grains with a clastic texture what class of rock would it belong too? Ans. Sedimentary
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

25. Earth & Environmental Sciences
DECIPHERING A SAMPLE OF EARTH HISTORY
You will be given an example very similar to this and have to determine:
--the sequence of events
--appropriate law (ex. The relative age of Intrusion C and fault F-F can be determined by? Ans. Cross-cutting relationships.)
--determine the age of a layer based on information given
--Know what an unconformity represents.
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Earth & Environmental Sciences

26. Earth & Environmental Sciences
Overhanging Cliff
Gentle Slope-widely space contours
Hill
Steep Slope: narrow spaced contours
Topographic Features
Closed Depression
Describing Topography:
If given a section of a map be able to describe the topography.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences