Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Chapter 7 Climate and Biodiversity

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Chapter 7 Climate and Biodiversity"— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 7 Climate and Biodiversity

2 Core Case Study: Different Climates Support Different Life Forms
Why is one area of earth’s land surface a desert, another a grassland, and another a forest? This is largely due to _________________ -- long-term temperature and precipitation patterns in a given region during a time frame of several _____________ to thousands of years Three major types of climate… __________________: equator, intense sunlight ______________: poles, least intense sunlight _________________: in-between tropical and polar climate decades tropical polar temperate

3 Three Major Climate Zones
Why does climate matter? It determines where humans and other species can ____________ and thrive live Figure 7.1: Earth has three major climate zones: tropical, where the climate is generally warm throughout the year (top); temperate, where the climate is not extreme and typically changes in four different annual seasons (middle); and polar, where it is generally cold during both winter and summer seasons (bottom). These differences lead to different types of vegetation such as those found in a hot and wet tropical rain forest in Australia (top), a temperate deciduous forest in the autumn near Hamburg, Germany (middle), and the arctic tundra found in the U.S. state of Alaska during summer (bottom). Fig. 7-1, p. 147

4 7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
Concept 7-1 Key factors that determine an area’s climate are incoming solar energy, the earth’s rotation, global patterns of air and water movement, gases in the atmosphere, and the earth’s surface features.

5 The Earth Has Many Different Climates (1)
Weather Temperature, precipitation, wind speed, cloud cover ___________________: Hours to days Climate Area’s general pattern of atmospheric conditions over at least _____________________ ____________________ “Climate is what we expect, and weather is what we get.” – Mark Twain Short-term three decades Long-term

6 Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate Zones
Figure 7.2: Natural capital. This generalized map of the earth’s current climate zones shows the major ocean currents and upwelling areas (where currents bring nutrients from the ocean bottom to the surface). See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Based on this map, what is the general type of climate where you live? Fig. 7-2, p. 149

7 The Earth Has Many Different Climates (2)
Climate varies in different parts of the earth because patterns of global _________ circulation and ocean ____________ distribute heat and precipitation unevenly between the tropics and other parts of the world. Three major factors determine how air circulates in lower atmosphere… _________________ heating of the earth’s surface by sun ___________________ of the earth on its axis Properties of ________, _____________, and ____________ air currents Uneven Rotation air land water

8 directly The sun’s rays strike the equator _________________, while they pass over the poles at an ________________. Higher ________________ and ____________________ rates found at the equator. angle evaporation precipitation Figure 7.3: Global air circulation: The largest input of solar energy occurs at the equator. As this air is heated, it would naturally rise and move toward the poles (left). However, the earth’s rotation deflects this movement of the air over different parts of the earth. This creates global patterns of prevailing winds that help to distribute heat and moisture in the atmosphere and result in the earth’s variety of forests, grasslands, and deserts (right). Fig. 7-3, p. 149

9 faster As the planet rotates, the equator spins ________________ than regions to the north or south. Heated air masses are deflected to the __________ and ____________ as they rise…called the __________________ Effect! west east Coriolis Figure 7.3: Global air circulation: The largest input of solar energy occurs at the equator. As this air is heated, it would naturally rise and move toward the poles (left). However, the earth’s rotation deflects this movement of the air over different parts of the earth. This creates global patterns of prevailing winds that help to distribute heat and moisture in the atmosphere and result in the earth’s variety of forests, grasslands, and deserts (right). Fig. 7-3, p. 149

10 The atmosphere over different areas is divided into huge regions called __________, distinguished by the direction of air movement…or __________________ winds cells prevailing Figure 7.3: Global air circulation: The largest input of solar energy occurs at the equator. As this air is heated, it would naturally rise and move toward the poles (left). However, the earth’s rotation deflects this movement of the air over different parts of the earth. This creates global patterns of prevailing winds that help to distribute heat and moisture in the atmosphere and result in the earth’s variety of forests, grasslands, and deserts (right). Fig. 7-3, p. 149

11 Energy Transfer by Convection in the Atmosphere
The evaporation of water creates giant cyclical _____________ cells that circulate air, heat, and moisture both vertically and from place to place convection Figure 7.4: This diagram illustrates energy transfer by convection in the atmosphere. Convection occurs when warm, wet air rises, then cools and releases heat and moisture as precipitation (right side and top, center). Then the cooler, denser, and drier air sinks, warms up, and absorbs moisture as it flows across the earth’s surface (bottom) to begin the cycle again. Fig. 7-4, p. 150

12 The Earth Has Many Different Climates (2)
Prevailing winds blowing over the oceans produce mass movements of surface water called ______________ ______________ Help to redistribute heat from the sun…especially near _________________ areas. This heat, as well as differences in water ________________, create warm and cold ocean currents. ocean currents coastal density

13 Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle
Labrador current Oyashio current North Atlantic drift Alaska current California current North Pacific drift Canaries current Gulf stream Kuroshio current Tropic of Cancer North equatorial current Caribbean current Monsoon Guinea current drift Equatorial counter current South equatorial North equatorial current South equatorial current current Brazil current South equatorial current Tropic of Capricorn West Australian current Peru current East Australian current Benguela current Figure 7.2: Natural capital. This generalized map of the earth’s current climate zones shows the major ocean currents and upwelling areas (where currents bring nutrients from the ocean bottom to the surface). See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Based on this map, what is the general type of climate where you live? West wind drift West wind drift West wind drift Antarctic Circle Polar (ice) Subarctic (snow) Cool temperate Highland Warm ocean current River Warm temperate Dry Tropical Major upwelling zones Cold ocean current Fig. 7-2, p. 149

14 Connected Deep and Shallow Ocean Currents
Water also moves ___________________ in the ocean, as denser water ____________ and less dense water ______________ How do you think this loop affects the climates of the coastal areas around it? verticals sinks rises Figure 7.5: Connected deep and shallow ocean currents: A connected loop of shallow and deep ocean currents transports warm and cool water to various parts of the earth. This loop, which rises in some areas and falls in others, results when ocean water in the North Atlantic near Iceland is dense enough (because of its salt content and cold temperature) to sink to the ocean bottom, flow southward, and then move eastward to well up in the warmer Pacific. A shallower return current, aided by winds, then brings warmer, less salty, and thus less dense water to the Atlantic. This water then cools and sinks to begin this extremely slow cycle again. Question: How do you think this loop affects the climates of the coastal areas around it? Warms or cools climate depending on current Fig. 7-5, p. 150

15 The ocean and the atmosphere are strongly linked in two ways…
ocean currents are affected by _____________ from the atmospher 2) Heat from the ocean affects atmospheric _____________________ wind Figure 7.5: Connected deep and shallow ocean currents: A connected loop of shallow and deep ocean currents transports warm and cool water to various parts of the earth. This loop, which rises in some areas and falls in others, results when ocean water in the North Atlantic near Iceland is dense enough (because of its salt content and cold temperature) to sink to the ocean bottom, flow southward, and then move eastward to well up in the warmer Pacific. A shallower return current, aided by winds, then brings warmer, less salty, and thus less dense water to the Atlantic. This water then cools and sinks to begin this extremely slow cycle again. Question: How do you think this loop affects the climates of the coastal areas around it? circulation

16 The Earth Has Many Different Climates (3)
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (__________) Occurs every ________________ Prevailing winds in tropical Pacific Ocean weaken and ______________ direction Affects much of earth’s weather for 1-2 years ENSO few years change

17 Normal and El Niño Conditions
During normal conditions, warm water is pushed _________________ across the Pacific Ocean During ENSO, warm water flow is _______________ westward reversed Figure 4, Supplement 7

18 Impact of El Nino-Southern Oscillation
Figure 5, Supplement 7

19 Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere
Greenhouse gases…absorb and release heat (_____________ radiation) that warms the lower atmosphere H2O ______________________ CO2 ______________________ CH4 ______________________ N2O ______________________ Natural greenhouse effect Gases keep earth habitable infrared water vapor carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide

20 Flow of Energy to and from the Earth
Figure 3.4: High-quality solar energy flows from the sun to the earth. As it interacts with the earth’s air, water, soil, and life, it is degraded into lower-quality energy (heat) that flows back into space. Fig. 3-4, p. 57

21 Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere
Human activities are adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere ______________ than they can be removed by nutrient cycles Enhanced global warming is likely to… _____________ precipitation patterns ______________ average sea levels Shift areas where we can grow ___________ and where some types of plants and animals can _______ faster “anthropogenic” alter raise crops live

22 Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates
Heat is absorbed and released more _____________ by water than by land Creates land and sea breezes Oceans and large lakes ____________________ the weather and climate of nearby lands Mountains interrupt the flow of prevailing winds, pushing them __________________ As it rises and _______________, it loses most of its moisture as rain or snow on the _________________ side of mountain The __________________ side of the mountain is ______________ and desert-like slowly moderate upward cools windward leeward dry

23 The __________________ effect is a reduction of rainfall and loss of moisture on the side of mountains facing away from prevailing winds. rain shadow On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture, causing rain shadow effect. On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture. Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean. Figure 7.6: The rain shadow effect is a reduction of rainfall and loss of moisture from the landscape on the side of mountains facing away from prevailing surface winds. Warm, moist air in onshore winds loses most of its moisture as rain and snow that fall on the windward slopes of a mountain range. This leads to semiarid and arid conditions on the leeward side of the mountain range and the land beyond. The Mojave Desert in the U.S. state of California and Asia’s Gobi Desert were both created by this effect. Fig. 7-6, p. 152

24 Cities also create distinct ___________________.
Bricks, concrete, asphalt, and other building materials _______________ and hold heat Buildings _____________ wind flow Motor vehicles and heating and cooling systems release large quantities of ___________ and ________________ Cities, on average, tend to have more _________, __________, _____________ temperatures, and _____________ winds speeds than the surrounding country side microclimates absorb block heat pollutants haze smog higher lower

25 Review Questions True or False: Weather and climate are the same thing. True or False: The sun’s rays heat all areas of the planet evenly. The deflected movement of air as the earth rotates is called the… False False Coriolis effect

26 Review Questions Under normal condition, Pacific trade winds push warm water in what direction? What are some effects of ENSO? Which side of a mountain receives more precipitation? westward Droughts, higher rainfall, warmer periods windward


Download ppt "Chapter 7 Climate and Biodiversity"

Similar presentations


Ads by Google