4. Acknowledgement To our Listener whom we owe all our hard work and dedication. The main motive behind this presentation is to convey some facts and data related to polynomial. Special thanks :- To my parents, teachers and school staff who provided all the materials and valuable advise which helped me to make the presentation more attractive

5. Contents Introduction Polynomials Types of polynomial Polynomial of various degree Remainder theorem Factor theorem Factorization and methods of factorization The relationship between the zeroes and coefficients of quadratic polynomial and cubic Graphs of a polynomial and general shapes of a polynomial

6. Introduction Polynomial are algebraic expression that include real number and variables. The power of variables should always be a whole number. Division and square roots cannot be involved in the variable. The variable can only include addition, subtraction and multiplication. (Francois viete inventer of a polynomial)

7. Polynomials An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-negative integral power is called polynomials Example (i) 5x³-4x²+6x-3 is a polynomial in one variable x A polynomial cannot have infinite number of terms. Constants : A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant Example:- 8,-6,5/7,π,etc. are all constants

8. Important points about Polynomials A polynomial can have many terms but not infinite terms. Exponent of a variable of a polynomial cannot be negative. This means, a variable with power - 2, -3, -4, etc. is not allowed. If power of a variable in an algebraic expression is negative, then that cannot be considered a polynomial. The exponent of a variable of a polynomial must be a whole number. Exponent of a variable of a polynomial cannot be fraction. This means, a variable with power 1/2, 3/2, etc. is not allowed. If power of a variable in an algebraic expression is in fraction, then that cannot be considered a polynomial. Polynomial with only constant term is called constant polynomial. The degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is zero. Degree of a zero polynomial is not defined.

10. Polynomial vocabulary In the polynomial 7x⁵+x²y²-4xy+7 there are 4 terms 7x⁵,x²y²,-4xy and 7 the coefficient of term 7x⁵is 7 of term x²y²is 1 of term -4xy is -4 and of term 7 is 7. 7 is a constant term.

11. Evaluating polynomial Evaluating polynomial for a polynomial value involves replacing the value for the variable(s) involved. Example :- Find the value of 2 x³- 3x+4 when x=-2. 2x³-3x+4 = 2(-2)³-3(-2)+4 = 2(-8)+6+4 = -16+10 = -6

12. Combining like terms Like terms are terms that contain exactly the same variables raised to exactly the same powers. Warning! Only like term can be combined through addition and subtraction. Example Combine like terms to simplify. x²y+xy-y+10x²y-2y+xy = x²y+10x²y+xy+xy-y-2y (like terms are grouped together) = (1+10)x²y+(1+1)xy+(-1-2)y = 11x²y+2xy-3y

13. Polynomial contains three types of term; (1) Monomial : A polynomial containing one nonzero term is called a monomial Example: 5, 3x, 1/3xy are all monomials. (2) Binomial : A polynomial containing two nonzero term is called binomial. Example:(3+6x),(x-5y) (3) Trinomial : A polynomial containing three nonzero terms is called trinomial Example : (8+3x+x³), (xy+yz+zx)

14. Polynomial of various degree (i)Linear polynomial : A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. Example :- 3x+5 is a linear polynomial in x. (ii)Quadratic polynomial : A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. Example :- x²+5x-1/2 is a quadratic polynomial in x. (iii)Cubic polynomial : A polynomial of degree three is called cubic polynomial Example:- 4x³-3x²+7x+1 is a cubic polynomial. (iv) Biquadratic polynomial:- A polynomial of degree four is called biquadratic polynomial. Example:- x²y²+xy³+y⁴-8xy+y²+7 is a biquadratic polynomial in x and y.

15. Remainder theorem  Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree n ˃ 1 and let a be any real number. When f(x) is divided by (x-a),then the remainder is f(a). PROOF: Suppose that when f(x) is divided by (x-a),the quotient is g(x) and the remainder is (x). Then,degree r( x)<degree(x-a)  Degree r(x)<1  Degree r(x)=0  r(x) is constant, equal to r(say) Thus,when f(x)is divided by (x-a),then the quotient is g(x) and the remainder is r. …f(x)=(x-a).g(x)+r Putting x=a in (i), we get r=f(a). Thus, when f(x) is divided by (x-a), then the remainder is f(a).

16. Factor theorem Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree n>1 and let a be any real number (i) if (a) =0 then (x-a) is a factor of f(x). (ii) if (x-a) is a factor of f(x) then f(a) =0. PROOF: (i) Let f(a) =0 On dividing f(x) by (x-a), let g(x) be the quotient. Also, by the remainder theorem,when f (x)is divided by (x-a),then the remainder is f(a). f(a)=(x-a).g(x)+f(a) => f(x)=(x-a).g(x).  (x-a) is a factor of f(x). (ii) Let (x-a) be a factor of f(x). On dividing f(x) by (x-a), let g(x) be the quotient. Then, f(a)=(x-a).g(x)  f(a) = 0  Thus,(x-a) is a factor of f(x)  F(a) =a.

17. Factorization To express a given polynomial as the product of polynomial, each of degree less than that of the given polynomial such that no such a factor has a factor of lower degree, is called factorization Formulae for factorization (i) (x+y)² = x²+y²+2xy (ii) (x-y)² = x²+y²-2xy (iii) (x+y+z)² = x²+y²+z²+2xy+2yz+2zx (iv)(x+y)³ = x³+y³+3xy(x+y) (v) (x-y)³ = x³-y³-3xy(x-y) (vi) (x²-y²) = (x-y)(x+y) (vii) (x³+y³) = (x+y)(x²-xy+y²) (viii) (x³-y³) = (x-y)(x²+xy+y²)

18. Method of factorization Factorization by taking out the common factor Method :- when each term of an expression has a common factor, we divide each term by this factor and take it out as a multiple Example :- 5x²-20xy = 5x(x-4y). Factorization by grouping Method:- Sometimes in a given expression it is not possible to take out a common factor directly. However, the term of the given expression are grouped in such a manner that we may have a common factor. Example:- ab+bc+ax+cx =(ab+bc)+(ax+cx) =b(a+c)+x(a+c)= (a+c)(b+x)

19. Factorization of Quadratic trinomials Polynomial of the form x²+bx+c we find integers p and q such that p+q=b and pq=c. then, x²+bx+c = x²+(p+q)x+pq = x²+px+qx+pq =x(x+p)+q(x+p) = (x+p)(x+q). Square of trinomial (x+y+z)² = x²+y²+z²+2xy+2yz+2zx. Cube of binomial (i) (x+y)³=x³+y³+3xy(x+y). (ii) (x-y)³ = x³-y³-3xy(x-y).

20. Relation between the zeroes and coefficient of a quadratic polynomial A+B = -Coefficient of -b Ab = constant term = c ________________________ Coefficient of x² = __ a ________________________ Coefficient of x² Note :- ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the zeroes

21. Graph of a Polynomial Number of real zeroes of a polynomial is less than or equal to degree of the polynomial. An n ʱ degree polynomial can have at most “n” real zeroes

22. General shapes of polynomial function F(x) = x+2 LINEAR FUCTION DEGREE = 1 MAX.ZEROES = 1

24. Division algorithm for polynomial If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ≠ 0, then we can always find polynomials q(x), and r(x) such that :- P(x) = q(x)g(x)+r(x) Where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x)

25. Theorem 1 :- Prove that (x³+y³+z³-3xyz) = (x+y+z)(x²+y²+z²-xy+yz+zx). proof :- we have (x³+y³+z³-3xyz) = (x³+y³)+z³-3xyz = [(x+y)³-3xy(x+y)]+z³-3xyz = u³-3xyu+z³-3xyz, where (x+y) = u =(u³+z³)-3xy(u+z) = (u+z)(u²+z²-uz-3xy) = (x+y+z)[(x+y)²+z²-(x+y)z-3xy] = (x+y+z)(x²+y²+z²-xy-yz-zx). : (x³+y³+z³-3xyz) = (x+y+z)(x²+y²+z²-xy-yz-zx).

26. Theorem 2 :- if (x+y+z) = 0, prove that (x³+y³+z³) = 3xyz. Proof ; we have x+y+z = 0 => x+y = -z => (x+y)³ = (-z)³ => x³+y³+3xy(x+y) = -z³ => x³+y³+3xy(-z) = -z³ [ : (x+y) = -z ] => x³+y³-3xyz = -z³ => x³+y³+z³ = 3xyz. Hence, (x+y+z) = 0 => (x³+y³+z³) = 3xyz.

27. Summary i. (x³+y³) = (x+y)(x²-xy+y²) ii. (x³-y³) = (x-y)(x²+xy+y²) iii.(x³+y³+z³-3xyz)= (x+y+z)(x²+y²+z²-xy-yz-zx) iv. (x+y+z) = 0 => (x³+y³+z³) = 3xyz Remainder theorem:- let p(x) be a polynomial of degree n>1 and let a be any non-zero real number. When p(x) is divided by (x-a), then the remainder is p(a). Factor theorem:- let p(x) be a polynomial of degree n>1 and let a be any real number. (i) if f(a) = 01, then (x-a) is a factor of f(x). (ii) if (x-a) is a factor of f(x), then f(a) = 0.

28. MCQ Question 1 : - If x² +ax +b is divided by x + c, then remainder is (A) :- c ² - ac – b (B) :- c ² - ac + b (C) :- c ² + ac + b (D) :- −c² - ac + b 2 :- The degree of polynomial p(x) = x+√x²/1 is (A) :- 0 (B) :- 2 © :- 1 (D) :- 3 3 :- if one of the factor of x²+x-20 is (x-5). Find the other (A) :- x-4 (B) x-2 (B) :- x+4 (D) x-5

29. (4) hen 9x² - 6x + 2 is divided by x -3, remainder will be (A) 60 (B) 15⁄2 (C) 19⁄5 (D) 65 (5) If a specific number x = a is substituted for variable x in a polynomial, so that value is zero, then x = a is said to be (A) zero of the polynomial (B) zero coefficient (C) conjugate surd (D) rational number