1. The Roman Empire

2. Rome’s Beginnings Pages 262 - 267
The Origins of Rome
Italy is long narrow peninsula
Middle of Mediterranean
Strategic for trade
Apennine Mtns,
Easier to cross than Greece
NOT isolated and independent
Fertile plains
Better crops than Greece
1500 – 1000 B.C. settled by Latins
Plain of Latium

3. Where was Rome Located? 15 Miles up Tiber river
Close enough o Mediterranean for trade
Far enough from Med. for protection
7 hills
Easier to defend attak
Narrow point on Tiber R.
Easily crossed
Good for trade b/n N and S Italy

4. How Did Rome begin? Two Legends (FICTION) Romulus and Remus
Abandoned babies near Tiber
Rescued by she wolf
Raised by a shepherd
Romulus Kills Remus & founds Rome
Aeneid
Written by Roman poet Virgil
Trojan hero Aeneas and sailors land at Tiber River
Aeneas marries Latin king’s daughter
Aeneas becomes “father” of Rome
Reality
Latins move into plain of Latium around 1000 B.C.
Around 800 B.C. they band their villages together to form city of Rome

5. Early Influences Greeks Came from Greece in 600s B.C.
Grow olives & grapes
Alphabet
Architecture
Sculpture
Literature
Etruscans
Ruled Latium for over 100 years
Metalworking
Wood & brick buildings
Streets around a central square
Dress – togas
Military strategy/style

6. The Birth of a Republic Etruscan Rule Roughly 600 – 500 B.C
Made Rome wealthy & powerful.
Tarquins were ruling family
Cruel
Romans Rebelled
Roman Republic
Leader not a king/queen
Elected representative of the people
Rome still small city
267 B.C. Rome conquers all Italy

7. Why Was Rome so strong Strong Army
All land-owning male citizens served
Well trained/harsh discipline
Problem Solvers – trained to think in battle
Organized into legions
6000 troops
Carried short sword called gladius & spear called pilum
Raised battle standards to stay organized
Senatus Populus Que Romana
The Senate and People of Rome

8. Shrewd Rulers Planning
Built military settlements in conquered territories
Built roads b/n towns
“All roads lead to Rome”
Roman Confederation
Roman citizenship
Conquered allies paid taxes
Provided soldiers
Some could become citizens
Rebellion put down quickly

9. Plebeians
Artisans, Shopkeepers, farmers Citizens Could not hold pubic office (in beginning) Couldn’t marry a patrician Paid taxes & served in army Threatened a strike Formed council of Plebs Council elected Tribunes Won right to veto Eventually could become consuls Pass laws for roman citizens

10. patricians
Wealth landowners Held a lot of political power over plebeians

11. Roman government Executive Consuls – 2 consuls
1 year terms, headed army ran government, had veto power
Judicial
Praetors – interpret law, act as judges
Legislative
Senate – 300 patrician members
served for life – only advised at 1st, later proposed laws,
held debates and approved building programs.
Assembly of Centuries – elected officials: praetors and consuls
Council of Plebs – formed after Plebian strikes, in beginning brought concerns to govt. attention and had right to veto; later could pass laws for all Roman citizens
******even as the Plebians grow in power and representations, a few wealthy Patricians still held most of the power; women had no voice in govt.

12. Roman Dictators of the republic: Cincinnatus
Farmer who was named dictator of Rome during a crisis.
Dictators were not a negative position then
Dictators came to power during an emergency and then returned to their normal lives
Cincinnatus resigned and returned to his farm when the crisis
was over.

13. ROMAN LAW Roman law U.S. legal system used it as a model
451. B.C. Twelve Tables
1st time laws were written down in Rome
Everyone can now see them
Carved in bronze tablets
Established principle that citizens are = under law
Applied only to Roman citizens
Law of Nations
Applied to non-citizens living in empire
Innocent until proven guilty
Right to see a judge
All people treated = under law is “rule of law”

14. The Punic Wars Mare Nostrum= our sea “Punic” = Phoenician
Rome and Carthage want control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea.

15. The First Punic War 264 B.C. Rome and Carthage want Sicily.
Carthage already has colonies on Sicily.
Rome must build navy to fight Carthage.
War lasted 20 years
241 B.C. – Rome crushes Carthaginian navy
and takes control of Sicily
Forces Carthage to pay huge fine

16. Second Punic War 218 B.C.
To make up for Sicily, Carthage expands in southern Spain.
Rome helps Spain rebel against Carthage
Carthage send greatest general, Hannibal to attack Rome directly
Hannibal’s Army: 46,000 ,men, 37 elephants
Landed army in Spain – had to cross Alps to reach Rome
Lost ½ of soldiers and most of elephants before reaching Rome
Still powerful and raided much of Italy
Beat Romans at Cannae in 216 B.C.
Roman General Scipio invades Carthage in 202 B.C. - Hannibal forced to return home to defend Carthage
Scipio defeats Hannibal at battle of Zama
Carthage gives up Spain to Rome, turn over navy, and pay huge fine.

17. 3rd Punic War 146 B.C.
Carthage, no longer a military power, maintained its trade
Rome invades Carthage
Burns city, enslaves 50,000 men women and children, salts the earth
Carthage becomes Roman province

18. Trouble in the rEpublic
Rome’s Poor
A . Most plebeians = small farmers
B. Farms in ruin b/c fighting Rome’s wars
C. Patricians buying land & forming Latifundias
1. Large farming estates, used slave labor
D. Poor move to cities for work
1. job’s scarce
E. Fearing riots – patricians/govt. provide “bread and circuses”
1. Cheap food and entertainment to pacify masses
F. Gracchus Brothers (Tiberius and Gaius)
1. Roman officials - attempted reform
a. . ask Senate to give back land
3. Both brothers killed by senators
G. Rome under powerful generals who made themselves dictators
1. paid armies for loyalty, not Rome
2. promised to get land for soldiers

19. Julius Caesar Military leader – wealthy
Created triumvirate with Crassus (Syria) and Pompey (Spain), Caesar (Gaul – France)
Crassus killed battle, Senate makes Pompey ruler
Caesar takes army, crosses Rubicon, starts civil war.
Destroyed Pompey’s army in Greece – 48 B.C.
Declares himself dictator for life
Stacked senate w/loyalists and decreased its power
His glory at expense of republic
Punished those who wanted to uphold the republic
Reformer
Granted citizenship to people in territories outside Italy
Colonies to provide land for landless
Encourage the hire of free workers, less slave labor
Created new calendar 12/365
Treated defeated enemies well (Brutus)
Killed by Senators Brutus and Cassius – Et tu, Brute “And you, Brutus” B.C.

20. Octavian 2nd Triumvirate with Lepidus and Antony
Lepidus forced to retire
Antony takes east, Octavian (Caesar’s grand-nephew) takes west
Antony loves Cleopatra of Egypt who will help him defeat Octavian
31 B.C. battle of Actium in Greece Octavian crushes Antony and Cleopatra (commit suicide)
Support of Octavian
Cicero, a political leader, argued against dictators and for the Republic.
Supported Octavian however because he thought Oct would restore republic
A New Emperor
Octavian gives some power to Senate but declares himself imporator
Changes name to Augustus “revered or magic one”
Republic is now dead, Rome is an Empire

21. Emperor Augustus Accomplishments Began Pax Romana “Roman Peace”
Built permanent professional army 150,000
Created Praetorian Guard to guard emperor
Conquered new territories (Spain, Gaul, Austria, Hungary, Romania)
Built fancy palaces, fountains, and public buildings “I found Rome a city of Brick, and left it a city of marble.”
Imported grain from Africa to feed poor.
Appointed proconsul or governor for each of Rome’s provinces.
Made tax collectors permanent government workers (decreased corruption)
Passed laws for non-citizens in all provinces.

22. Julio-Claudian Emperors
Descended from Julius Caesar’s family.
Tiberius
great military leader
regulated business to prevent fraud
Caligula
abolished sales tax
allowed exiles to return
mentally unstable - made favorite horse a Consul
wasted money
killed by own Praetorian Guard
Claudius
Built new harbor at Ostia to improve trade
conquered most of Britain

23. Julio-Claudian Emperors Part 2
Nero
killed mother and two wives
“fiddled while Rome burned” in 64 A.D.
committed suicide
Vespasian
Nero’s consul
restored order after Nero
put down rebellions
destroyed Jewish temple in 70 A.D.
constructed coliseum

24. The Good Emperors 96A.D. – 180 A.D.
Nerva
Revised taxes, reformed land laws for poor
Trajan
gave money to poor
educated children
empire at its largest
Hadrian
made Roman law easier to understand
pulled back boundaries of empire (out of Mesopotamia)
set northern border and Danube and Rhine Rivers
built Hadrian’s wall
Antonius Pius – passed laws to help orphans
Emperors overshadow Senate more than ever
All of the Good Emperors built arches, monuments, bridges, roads, and aqueducts.