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Figure 17-1 Embryonic development of the human brain.
Neural tube (contains neural canal) Primary brain vesicles Secondary brain vesicles Adult brain structures Adult neural canal regions Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Lateral ventricles Telencephalon Anterior (rostral) Prosencephalon (forebrain) Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina Third ventricle Diencephalon Mesencephalon (midbrain) Mesencephalon Brain stem: midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Metencephalon Brain stem: pons Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Myelencephalon Brain stem: medulla oblongata Posterior (caudal) Spinal cord Central canal
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Figure 17-2 External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of hemisphere) Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Gyrus Anterior Frontal lobe Cortex (gray matter) Longitudinal fissure Sulcus Precentral gyrus White matter Central sulcus Fissure (a deep sulcus) Postcentral gyrus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Posterior Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Solving complex, multitask problems Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex 2
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Figure Ventral (inferior) aspect of the human brain, showing the three regions of the brain stem. (1 of 3) Pituitary gland Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic chiasma Optic nerve Optic tract Mammillary body Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord Decussation of pyramids Cerebral peduncle of midbrain 3
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Figure 17-4 Diencephalon and brain stem structures as seen in a sagittal section of the brain.
Fornix Lateral ventricle Corpus callosum Thalamus Pineal gland Anterior commissure Superior colliculi Corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculi Hypothalamus Arbor vitae Optic chiasma Cerebellum Mammillary body Uncus Fourth ventricle Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Fornix Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Interventricular foramen Posterior commissure Epithalamus Anterior commissure Pineal gland Corpora quadrigemina Hypothalamus Midbrain Optic chiasma Cerebral aqueduct Pituitary gland Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Mammillary body Fourth ventricle Pons Choroid plexus Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord 4
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Figure 17-5 Basal nuclei. 5 Caudate nucleus Striatum Thalamus Putamen
Tail of caudate nucleus Anterior Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Head of caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Thalamus Tail of caudate nucleus Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle Posterior 5
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Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Vermis
Figure Cerebellum. Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Vermis Brain stem (midbrain) Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae Deep cerebellar nuclei Caudal (inferior) Vermis (cut) 6
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Figure 17-7 Meninges of the brain.
Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Periosteal Dura mater Meningeal Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid mater Subdural space Pia mater Arachnoid villus Subarachnoid space Blood vessel Falx cerebri (in longitudinal fissure only) Parietal bone Superior sagittal sinus Scalp Falx cerebri Straight sinus Occipital lobe Tentorium cerebelli Dura mater Crista galli of the ethmoid bone Falx cerebelli Transverse sinus Cerebellum Pituitary gland Temporal bone Arachnoid mater over medulla oblongata 7
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Figure 17-8 Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid.
Lateral ventricle Inferior horn Anterior horn Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Posterior horn Inferior horn Third ventricle Median aperture Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Lateral aperture Central canal Anterior view Left lateral view Arachnoid villus Superior sagittal sinus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Choroid plexus Meningeal dura mater Interventricular foramen Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Third ventricle Tentorium cerebelli Cerebral aqueduct Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Spinal dura mater Central canal of spinal cord Inferior end of spinal cord 8
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Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Figure Ventral aspect of the human brain, showing the cranial nerves. Frontal lobe Filaments of olfactory nerve (I) Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Temporal lobe Optic nerve (II) Optic chiasma Optic tract Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve (III) Facial nerve (VII) Trochlear nerve (IV) Vestibulo- cochlear nerve (VIII) Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Abducens nerve (VI) Vagus nerve (X) Cerebellum Accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata Hypoglossal nerve (XII) 9
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Figure 17-11a-b Intact sheep brain.
Ventral Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic nerve (II) Optic nerve (II) Infundibulum (stalk of pituitary gland) Optic chiasma Infundibulum Mammillary body Optic tract Cerebral peduncle Mammillary body Oculomotor nerve (III) Trigeminal nerve (V) Trochlear nerve (IV) Cerebral peduncle Pons Abducens nerve (VI) Pons Cerebellum Facial nerve (VII) Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Abducens nerve (VI) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Spinal root of the accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata 10
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Figure 17-11c-d Intact sheep brain.
Dorsal Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Cerebrum Cerebellum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord 11
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Figure 17-11a Intact sheep brain.
Ventral Olfactory bulb Optic nerve (II) Infundibulum Mammillary body Cerebral peduncle Pons Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Medulla oblongata 12
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Figure 17-11b Intact sheep brain.
Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Olfactory tract Optic nerve (II) Infundibulum (stalk of pituitary gland) Optic chiasma Mammillary body Optic tract Cerebral peduncle Oculomotor nerve (III) Trigeminal nerve (V) Trochlear nerve (IV) Abducens nerve (VI) Pons Cerebellum Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Spinal root of the accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata 13
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Figure 17-11c Intact sheep brain.
Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord 14
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Figure 17-11d Intact sheep brain.
Dorsal Cerebrum Cerebellum 15
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Cerebral hemisphere Parietal lobe Corpus callosum Cerebellum
Figure Photograph of sagittal section of the sheep brain showing internal structures. Cerebral hemisphere Parietal lobe Corpus callosum Cerebellum Frontal lobe of cerebrum Pineal gland Fornix Arbor vitae Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Corpora quadrigemina Fourth ventricle Medulla oblongata Cerebral peduncle Optic chiasma Pons 16
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Figure 17-14 Coronal section of a sheep brain.
Third ventricle Fornix Lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Thalamic nuclei Third ventricle Hypothalamus 17
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Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (1 of 4)
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Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (2 of 4)
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Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (3 of 4)
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Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (4 of 4)
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