1. Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives By Prof. Dr. Adel M. Awadallah
Organic chemistry for medicine and biology students
Chem 2311
Chapter 10
Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives
By Prof. Dr.
Adel M. Awadallah
Islamic University of Gaza

9. Diacids

11. Physical Properties of carboxylic acids
Hydrogen bonding
Solubility in water
(lower acids)

13. Acidity of carboxylic acids
pKa = -log Ka
As Ka increase or pKa decrease, the acidity increase

15. Resonance and Inductive effect
Conversion of acids to salts

16. Preparation of carboxylic acids

18. Reactions of carboxylic acids

19. Esters
Nomenclature

21. Examples

24. Lactones (Cyclic Esters)

27. Reactions of Esters with Grignard Reagent

28. Formation of Amides (Ammonolysis of Esters)

29. Reduction of Esters
Esters can be reduced to primary alcohols

30. The Cliasen Condensation

31. Acid Halides
They are prepared from the reaction of acids with thionyl chloride or phosphorus halides

33. Reactions of acid chlorides
Acid chlorides react rapidly with most nucleophiles such as water, alcohols and ammonia
Acyl halides have irritating odors. Benzoyl chlorid is a lachrymator
(tear gas)

34. Reaction with Grignard Reagent

37. Preparation of mixed anhydrides

38. Mixed anhydrides

39. Nucleophilic substitution of anhydrides

40. Amides
Nomenclature

41. Properties of Amides

43. Amide Resonance

45. Reactions of Amides (Hydrolysis and Reduction)