1. Warm up
Modern technology could be used to clone animals (like you favorite dog). Cloned animals would resemble the original pets because:
How is the process of gene therapy used to treat cystic fibrosis?
Describe the procedure represented in the diagram below using these terms?
Restriction enzyme
Recombinant DNA
Plasmid
Vector

2. Who committed the crime and why?
Explain the process

3. What is similar about these two processes?

4. Mechanisms of Evolution
How did all life on Earth come from a few cells?
Speciation

5. Mechanisms of Evolution
Individuals DO NOT evolve, populations do.
The population is the smallest unit of evolution because acquired traits in an individual cannot be passed on (inherited by offspring).

6. Mechanisms of Evolution
However, different traits already present in a population can be “selected”, changing the population

7. Mechanisms of Evolution
Evolution occurs when the gene pool (all of the genes of a population) changes.
A change in genotype may lead to a change in phenotype.
Evolution acts on the phenotype.

8. Mechanisms of Evolution
Mutations are random changes in DNA and may lead to a new phenotype.
Mutations provide the raw material for evolution - diversity.
For example, a mutation causing white fur in Arctic foxes may lead to better camouflage in winter.

9. Fill It In … Mutations --> ______________ in __________ -->
change in ______________

10. Mechanisms of Evolution
The environment also plays a key role in evolution.
Environmental changes are natures “selection forces” that act upon the phenotype ranges caused by genes.
There are three basic patters by which natural selection occurs:

11. Patterns of natural selection:
Stabilizing selection favors the “average” phenotype in a population.

12. Patterns of natural selection:
Directional selection favors the ONE of the extreme ends of the “typical” distribution

13. Patterns of natural selection:
Disruptive selection favors the BOTH of the extreme ends of the “typical” distribution

14. Fill It In …
Three types of Natural Selection: 1. 2. 3.

15. Speciation Speciation is the development of a new species.
A species is defined as a group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring.

16. Speciation
Species- a group of individuals that breed and produce fertile offspring
What a about a Liger? A Mule?

17. Speciation
Speciation occurs when a population is separated, usually due to a geographical barrier, and natural selection changes the population so much the two groups could no longer interbreed.
Therefore, geographic isolation leads to reproductive isolation.

18. What is Speciation
Speciation: is a lineage- splitting even that produces one or more new species
formation of new species

19. Speciation

20. Causes of Speciation
As new species evolve, populations become reproductively isolated from each other
Reproductive isolation- occurrence in which the members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Populations have
separate gene pools

21. Causes of Speciation
Behavioral Isolation- occurs when two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive strategies that involve behavior
Bird songs
Temporal Isolation- two or more species reproduce at different times
Orchid pollen release

22. Fill It In …
Geographic isolation is related to speciation because …

23. Genetic Drift Over Time- an allele can become more and more common
founder effect- a situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
By Chance- Certain individuals might leave more offspring (alleles that others)

24. Rate of Evolution
Timeframes of evolution differ based on the environment and the population.
The fossil record provides evidence for two rates of speciation:

25. Rate of Evolution
Gradualism describes speciation that occurs over a long period of time due to the accumulation of small changes.

26. Rate of Evolution
Punctuated equilibrium describes speciation that occurs in rapid bursts that may be separated by 1000’s of years of stability.
The primary stimulus is environmental change

27. Rate of Evolution

28. Fill It In …
Venn Diagram: (Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium)

29. Causes of Speciation Selective Pressure: Directional Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive Selection

30. Adaptive Radiation
Individuals will diversify rapidly to fit a NICHE in the environment
Usually due to change in the environment
New Resources= new niches to fill

32. Characterized by caring for young in pouches.
Evolved/ Branched from common ancestor about 160 million years ago

33. Check Yourself! Why can’t individuals evolve?
What provides the raw material for evolution?
What are the three types of natural selection?
What is speciation?
What conditions lead to reproductive isolation?
Name the two time frames for speciation.

34. Check Yourself! Why can’t individuals evolve?
AQUIRED TRAITS IN AN INDIVIDUAL CANNOT BE PASSED ON TO OFFSPRING

35. Check Yourself! What provides the raw material for evolution?
MUTATIONS

36. Check Yourself! What are the three types of natural selection?
STABILIZING SELECTION
DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
DISRUPTIVE SELECTION

37. Check Yourself!
What is speciation?
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SPECIES

38. Check Yourself! What conditions lead to reproductive isolation?
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION

39. Check Yourself! Name the two time frames for speciation. GRADUALISM
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM