1. The Human Body: An Orientation1
The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Ch 1 The Human Body—An Orientation
Introduction
Anatomy =
B. Physiology =
C. Anatomy—Levels of Study
1. Gross anatomy =
2. Microscopic anatomy =
D. Levels of Organization: Atoms  Molecules  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism
* Refer To Diagram on next slides

3. 2. Cellular Level 3. Tissue Level 1. Smallest Level
D. Levels of Organization …
1. Smallest Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level.
Figure 1.1, step 1

4. 4. Organ level 5. Organ System level 6. Organismal level
3. TISSUES
4. Organ level
5. Organ System level
6. Organismal level
Figure 1.1, step 4

5. Figure 1.1 Molecules Smooth muscle cell Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules. 2
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules. 1
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessels
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 3
Heart
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Organismal level
Human organisms are made up of many organ
systems. 6
Connective
tissue
Cardio–
vascular
system
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 4
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 5
Figure 1.1

6. E. *Organ Systems Overview– Do on Your Own: *Organs & Functions*
1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Figure 1.2a

7. Returns leaked water to blood Immunity & Cleanses blood of
7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Returns leaked water to blood
Immunity & Cleanses blood of
8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
10. URINARY SYSTEM
11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Figure 1.2f

8. E. Necessary Life Functions
E. Necessary Life Functions * Know importance/function and Organ Systems that maintain them *
1. Maintain boundaries
Entire Organism
Cells
2. Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion

9. Necessary Life Functions …
5. Metabolism H2O CO > H2CO3
Chemical Reactions:
To produce chemicals
To produce Energy
6. Excretion
Eliminates what:
Water:
Product produced:
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

10. F. Survival Needs 1. Nutrients Types: General Function: 2. Oxygen
chemical reactions that produce:
3. Water
Percent in body =
Solutions:
Chemical reactions:
4. Stable body temperature
37°C (98°F)
5. Atmospheric pressure– AIR
for gas exchange:

11. G. Interrelatioinships Between the Organ Systems
Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
G. Interrelatioinships Between the Organ Systems
Heart & Lungs
Food O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
Blood
CO2 O2
Heart
Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes and excess ions
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment
Feces
Urine

12. II. Homeostasis
A. Definition: Homeostasis—maintenance of a dynamic state of equilibrium of body’s components
Range of Values for life
Set Point
B. Components
1. Receptor (sensor)
Monitors:
Receives stimuli from
Sends information to:
Creates the response
STIMULUS
RESPONSE
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
EFFECTOR
---

13. Determines range of values for life Decision :
STIMULUS
RESPONSE
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
EFFECTOR
---
2. Control Center =
Receives:
Determines range of values for life
Decision :
3. Effector (Organ or Gland)
Produces:

14. STIMULUS RECEPTOR RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER RESPONSE EFFECTOR-- +
RECEPTOR
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
RESPONSE
EFFECTOR

15. C. Types 1. Negative Feedback
STIMULUS
Response and Stimuli are in opposite directions
Examples: Body Temperature, Blood Sugar, Breathing Rate, …
---
RECEPTOR
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
RESPONSE
EFFECTOR

16. 2. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Response and Stimulus:
Stimulus keeps getting stronger and stronger
Some climax event causes
the + feedback to shut
down, usually suddenly
Two Examples
Child Birth
Blood Clotting

17. Repeats multiple times as Stimulus gets stronger and stronger
2. Positive Feedback
STIMULUS
Repeats multiple times as Stimulus gets stronger and stronger
Finally Ends +
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
RESPONSE
EFFECTOR

18. Example: Child Birth STIMULUS + RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER RESPONSE
Positive Feedback …
STIMULUS
Pressure on Cervix
Example: Child Birth +
RECEPTOR
Pressure Sensors
CONTROL CENTER
Brain & Hormones
RESPONSE
Uterus Contracts
EFFECTOR
Muscles of Uterus

19. III. The Language of Anatomy
A. Introduction– terms are used for
1. Position
2. Direction
3. Regions
4. Structures
B. Regional Terms
The Body is Made up of Major Regions (underlined) and Sub-regions for the Anterior Surface and Posterior Surface. Many of the regions are the same for both Anterior (front) and Posterior (back), but many are different
CONTINUED NEXT SLIDE …

20. B. Regional Terms Front (Anterior) Body Know underlined items
*Cephalic
Front (Anterior) Body
Know underlined items
and those with a “*” in front of them
* Frontal
Orbital
*Upper limb
* Nasal
Acromial
Buccal
Deltoid
*Oral
. *Brachial (arm)
Mental
Antecubital
*Cervical
*Thoracic
*Antebrachial
*Sternal
(forearm)
Axillary
*Abdominal
Carpal (wrist)
* Umbilical
*Pelvic
*Manus (hand)
* Inguinal
(groin)
*Digital
*Lower limb
*Coxal (hip)
*Femoral (thigh)
*Patellar
Crural (leg)
KEY:
Fibular
Thorax
*Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
. *Digital
(a) Anterior/Ventral

21. Regional Terms … “*” items 2. Back (Posteriorl) side
*Cephalic
. *Occipital (back
of head)
*Upper limb
2. Back (Posteriorl) side
Know underlined and
“*” items
Acromial
*Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
*Back (dorsal)
Antebrachial
Scapular
(forearm)
. *Vertebral
. *Lumbar
*Manus (hand)
. *Sacral
Digital
. *Gluteal
*Lower limb
*Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular
KEY:
Thorax
*Pedal (foot)
Abdomen
* Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)
Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal

22. C. Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad) and
Inferior (caudal):
2. Ventral or Anterior and Dorsal or Posterior:
3. Medial and Lateral:
Intermediate:

23. 4. Closer To & Farther From
Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk
Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
5. Superficial and Deep:

24. Sections through the body showing a particular Surface
- used for Surgery Cuts & Imaging
1. Sagittal Section:
- Median, Midsagittal:
2. Frontal or Coronal Section:
3. Transverse or Cross Section

25. (a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane
4. Medical Imaging Examples of sections/planes through the body
(a) Median (midsagittal)
(b) Frontal (coronal) plane
(c) Transverse plane
Vertebral
column
Right
lung
Left
lung
Spinal
cord
Heart
Liver
Aorta
Spleen
Figure 1.6
Rectum
Intestines
Liver
Stomach
Spleen
Subcutaneous
fat layer
Stomach

26. E. Body Cavities Locations & Organs inside
1. Dorsal body cavity
a. Cranial cavity:
b. Spinal cavity:
2. Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity:
Pleural Cavity
Pericardial Cavity
Mediastinum
b. Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal
Pelvic
DORSAL CAVITY
VENTRAL CAVITY
Mediastinum

27. Other Body Cavities
F. Surface Subdivisions of Abdominopelvic Region and Cavity (Health Professiions use)
1. Quadrants
Right or
Left
Upper or
Lower
Cranial
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Spinal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
KEY:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity

28. END Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Spinal
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
KEY:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity