1. Proteins

2. Multipurpose molecules
Proteins:
Multipurpose molecules

3. Proteins Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws pepsin insulin
collagen, keratin
pepsin
digestive enzyme in stomach
insulin
hormone that controls blood sugar levels
pepsin
collagen (skin)

4. Proteins Function: many, many functions hormones movement
signals from one body system to another
insulin
movement
muscle
immune system
protect against germs
enzymes
help chemical reactions

5. Proteins —N— H | —C— C—OH || O Building block = amino acids –
20 different amino acids
There’s 20 of us…
like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words
—N— H |
—C—
C—OH || O
variable group

6. Amino acid chains Proteins Each amino acid is different
amino acids chained into a polymer
amino acid
Each amino acid is different
some “like” water & dissolve in it
some “fear” water & separate from it

7. Water-fearing amino acids
Hydrophobic
“water fearing” amino acids
try to get away from water in cell
the protein folds

8. Water-loving amino acids
Hydrophillic
“water loving” amino acids
try to stay in water in cell
the protein folds

9. For proteins: SHAPE matters!
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
that’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes = different jobs
growth hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen

10. It’s SHAPE that matters!
Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape
Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
wrong shape = can’t do its job
unfolding proteins = “denature”
temperature
pH (acidity)
unfolded “denatured”
In Biology,
it’s not the size,
it’s the SHAPE that matters!
folded

11. Carbohydrates

12. True or False? Proteins are found in muscles.
Proteins are never hormones.
One of the functions of protein is for movement.
Enzymes are not considered proteins.
Enzymes assist (help) chemical reactions.

13. OH H HO
CH2OH O
Carbohydrates:
Energy molecules

14. sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
Carbohydrates
Building block molecules =
sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar

15. Carbohydrates Function: Examples quick energy energy storage structure
cell wall in plants
Examples
sugars
starches
cellulose (cell wall)
glucose C6H12O6
sucrose
starch

16. Sugars = building blocks
Names for sugars usually end in
glucose
fructose
sucrose
maltose
-ose OH H HO
CH2OH O
glucose
C6H12O6
fructose
maltose
sucrose

17. Building carbohydrates
Synthesis
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide |
glucose |
glucose |
maltose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two

18. Building carbohydrates
Synthesis
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide |
glucose |
fructose |
sucrose
(table sugar)
How sweet it is!

19. Building BIG carbohydrates
glucose + glucose + glucose… =
polysaccharide
starch
(plant)
energy storage
glycogen
(animal)

20. True or False The monomer of carbohydrates is sugar.
Many sugars put together is called a monosaccharide.
Carbohydrates never are used for structural purposes.
The most common type of sugar is lactose.
2 sugars put together is a disaccharide.
Glycogen is an example of energy storage in regards to carbohydrates.

21. Lipids: Fats & Oils

22. Concentrated energy molecules
Lipids
Concentrated energy molecules

23. Lipids Examples fats oils waxes hormones sex hormones
testosterone (male)
estrogen (female)

24. Lipids Function: energy storage cell membrane cushions organs
very concentrated
twice the energy as carbohydrates!
cell membrane
cushions organs
insulates body
think whale blubber!

25. Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

26. Saturated fats Most animal fats Limit the amount in your diet
solid at room temperature
Limit the amount in your diet
contributes to heart disease
deposits in arteries

27. Unsaturated fats Plant, vegetable & fish fats
liquid at room temperature
the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together
Better choice in your diet

28. Saturated vs. unsaturated

29. Other lipids in biology
Cholesterol
good molecule in cell membranes
make hormones from it
including sex hormones
but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease

30. Nucleic Acids Monomer = nucleotide Polymer – DNA or RNA Structure:
Function:
Hereditary Information