1. Brain & Cranial Nerves

2. Major Regions Brain stem Cerebrum Diencephalon Mesencephalon Pons
Largest region of the brain
Divided into the cerebral hemispheres
Fold – “gyrus”
Groove – “sulcus”
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hyptothalamus
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla Oblangata
Most inferior
Connects brain to spinal cord
Cerebellum
Brain stem

4. Cranial Meninges and Ventricles of the Brain
Dura mater*
Arachnoid mater – forms smooth covering of the brain
Pia mater – contains the blood vessels that supply the brain

5. Dura Mater – Brain Endosteal layer – “outer” layer
Meningeal layer – “inner” layer
Stabilizing extensions
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Dural sinuses – drain the blood from cranial veins into jugular veins
Superior / Inferior sagittal sinuses
Transverse sinus

7. Ventricles 4 chambers  ventricles
Each ventricle has a choroid plexus where CSF is produced
2 “lateral” ventricles
Divided by Septum pellucidum
3rd ventricle
In the diencephalon
4th ventricle
Between brain stem and cerebellum

10. Regions of the Brain Cerebrum Diencephalon Mesencephalon Pons
Medulla Oblangata
Cerebellum

11. CEREBRUM Conscious thought, memory processing/storage, reasoning
Central Sulcus
Conscious thought, memory processing/storage, reasoning
Regional specializations:
Central sulcus – separates the motor region from sensory region
Pre-central gyrus – contains the primary motor cotex
Post-central gyrus – contains primary sensory cortex (touch is perceived)
Association areas – interprets and integrates information
Premotor Cortex – somatic motor association area

12. Corpus Callosum Connects the cerebral hemispheres
Relevance in epileptic episodes?
Corpus calloscotomy – split brain?

13. Fornix / Anterior Commissure
Fornix is the inferior portion of the corpus callosum that connects the structures of the limbic system – “emotional” brain
Fornix
Anterior Commissure

14. Basal Nuclei
Involved in automating voluntary muscle contractions

15. DIENCEPHALON Thalamus – sense of awareness
Picks up on sensory impulses (except smell and proprioception)
Relays sensory information to proper sensory cortex
Hypothalamus – links nervous system to endocrine system
Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, circadian rhythms, body temperature
Mamillary bodies – control eating reflexes
Infundibulum attaches the pituitary gland to hypothalamus
Pituitary gland – major endocrine gland responsible for growth and development

17. MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN)
Superior colliculi
Visual reflec
Keep an object centered on the retina by moving eyeballs and head
Inferior colliculi
Auditory reflex
Moves the head to follow sound

21. PONS
Directs sensory information to the thalamus and cerebellum

22. MEDULLA OBLONGATA Autonomic center for visceral functions
Sensory information enters brain via ascending tracks, and motor information enters spinal cord via descending tracts
Nuclei in this region regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive activities

23. CEREBELLUM Covered by the cerebral cortex
Hemispheres are divided by vermis
Anterior and posterior lobes (smaller) are separated by primary fissure
Coordination of somatic motor functions
Stores muscle patterns (i.e. playing piano, playing tennis)

24. Primary Fissure

25. Higlly branched white matter is called arbor vitae
Cerebellar nuclei function in the regulation of involuntary skeletal muscle contraction
Purkinjie (large neurons) cells branch extensively and synapse with thousands of neurons!

26. CRANIAL NERVES Olfactory nerve (I)  receptors in the nose
Optic nerve (II)  transmit signals from retina
Oculomotor nerve (III)  enables movement of the eye and eyelid
Trochlear nerve (IV)  innervates trochlea of the eye
Trigeminal nerve (V)**  muscles of mastication / largest nerve
Abducens nerve (VI)  controls lateral recturs muscles of eye
Facial nerve (VII)  muscles of facial expression / taste sensation from 2/3 front of tongue
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  conducts information about hearing and balance
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  receives sensory information from tongue
Vagus nerve (X)  parasympathetic control of heart, lungs, and digestive organs
Accessory nerve (XI)  supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  innervates extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue (except palatoglossus)