1. The Raw Materials of Biotechnology The Molecules of Cells
Biomolecules
The Raw Materials of Biotechnology
The Molecules of Cells

2. CARBON --The main event
Forms a bond with
4 other atoms in which
electrons are shared forming
a covalent compound C

3. CARBON -4 Bonds to other atoms
H C H
H CH4

4. 1. Carbohydrates

5. Biomolecule
Role in Cell
Monomer
Distinguishing
Features
Carbohydrate
Energy/Support
Monosaccharide
(1 sugar)
Composed of C,H, and O
1(C) : 2(H) :1(O)

6. Carbohydrates What do they have in common?

7. Carbohydrates-Functional Groups
-OH Several OH (alcohol) groups
This group LOVES water
Makes sugars solids and water soluble
C=O C with a double bond to an oxygen
Aldehyde or ketone

8. Comparing Two Different Sugars
aldehyde
aldehyde
alcohol
Open Chain
Cyclic

9. Polysaccharides Starch...bonds between glucose can be digested
Amylose=plant Glycogen =animal
Cellulose…bonds between glucose cannot be digested by mammals

10. To Test for Carbohydrate
Benedict's …Chemical test for reducing sugars
To test for the presence of monosaccharides and reducing disaccharide sugars in food, the food sample is dissolved in water, and a small amount of Benedict's reagent is added.
During heating in a water bath, which is usually 4-10 minutes, the solution should progress in the colors of blue (with no glucose present), green, yellow, orange, red, and then brick red or brown (with high glucose present).
Lugol’s …Chemical test for starch
An indicator test for the presence of starches
Reacts by turning a dark-blue/black.
Stain starches due to iodine's interaction with the coil structure of the polysaccharide

11. 2. Proteins

12. Bio
molecule
Role in Cell
Monomer
Distinguishing
Features
Test
Protein
Regulation/
support
Amino Acid
Remember COHNS
-Carbon
-Oxygen
-Hydrogen
-Nitrogen
-Sulfur
Biuret Reagent OR
Ninhydrin

13. Proteins
Proteins (also known as polypeptides) are organic compounds made of amino acids.
Polypeptide because of the many peptide bonds that hold proteins together
Proteins participate in virtually every process
within cells.
Functional Groups
Carboxyl amino/amine thiol

14. Protein Function………..!! WOW!!
Structural…. Bones,skin, nails, hooves, hair
Enzymatic… Digest sugar, makes DNA, makes fatty acids
Transport… Carries oxygen and fats in blood, Ca2+/Cl-
Contractile.. Muscles for movement, move chromosomes
Hormone…. regulate blood sugar, increase heart rate
Immunity... Antibodies fight foreign substance
Pigment….. Pigment in skin, eyes
Recognition. On cell surfaces—Other molecules (receptors)
Toxins…… Stops nerve transmission, effects movement of ions, enzymes that destroy red blood cells

15. Protein Structure:Polypeptide
Polymer of many amino acids
Amino Acid
H O
H N C C OH
H R
Central Carbon
R group

16. 3. Lipids

17. Bio
molecule
Role in Cell
Monomer
Distinguishing
Features
Test
Lipids
Energy
Support
Signaling
Fatty acid
Mostly C-H
Insoluble in water
Grease spot test
Remember CHO
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen

18. Functional Groups
Phosphate Carboxyl Ester

19. Remember …mostly carbon and hydrogen!
Three general groups
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Remember …mostly carbon and hydrogen!

20. Triglycerides Animal fat and plant oils Energy storage molecules
Composed of glycerol and fatty acids
Carboxyl
Ester

21. Phospholipids Found primarily in cell membranes
Similar to triglycerides except…these have a phosphate group
Makes the molecule capable of interactions with water
phosphate
Phosphate = polar head

22. 4. Nucleic Acid

23. Bio
molecule
Role in Cell
Monomer
Distinguishing
Features
Test
Nucleic Acids
Hereditary and protein information
Energy, Signaling
Nucleotide
Sugar
Phosphate
Cyclic N-Base

24. Nucleic Acids
A nucleic acid is a polymer composed of chains of nucleotides.
The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and viruses
Named for their role in the cell nucleus

25. Functional Groups
Phosphate Amino Aldehyde Ketone Alcohol

26. Nucleic Acid - Structure

27. Nucleotides: Each nucleotide consists of three components:
Phosphate
Each nucleotide consists of three components:
A carbon to carbon ringed structure with nitrogen
Called a nitrogenous base
Either a purine or a pyrimidine
A 5-carbon sugar and
A phosphate group.