1. How can I be successful?
If I want to be successful, I will be able to do the following by end of this unit:
I can describe how energy flows through an ecosystem.
I can Describe how consumers obtain energy and nutrients
I can describe how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
I can Identify the three types of ecological pyramids

2. Activity:
-What does Mufasa mean when he says that we are all connected in a circle of life?
“Lion King”

3. Warm up… Arrange the following organisms to show who eats whom:
killer whale
cod fish
krill shrimp
algae
leopard seal
What might happen to the other organisms if algae were removed from this group?
What might happen if the killer whales were removed?
Are there any organisms in this group that eat more than one kind of food?

4. Energy Flow in Ecosystems

5. Do organisms spend energy?
EATING
ESCAPING
MATING
How
Do organisms spend energy?
LOST AS HEAT
CELL PROCESSES
HUNTING
MAINTAINING
HOMEOSTASIS
MOVEMENT
BREATHING
DEFENSE
REPRODUCTION
GROWTH
DIGESTING
FOOD

6. Flow of energy
When an organism eats, it obtains energy, then uses a lot of energy in life process like growth and movement.
This means that only part of their energy is available to the next organism in the food web.

7. All organisms play a role in their ecosystem:
Producer (Autotroph)
Make their own food (usually through photosynthesis)
Ex: plants (even the Venus Flytrap!) and trees

8. All organisms play a role in their ecosystem:
Consumers (Heterotroph)
Can’t make its own food
Gets energy from eating other organisms
Herbivores – eats plants
Carnivores – eats animals
Omnivores – eats plants & animals
Scavengers – eats dead animals

9. All organisms play a role in their ecosystem:
Decomposers
Break down waste and dead organisms to return raw materials to the environment
Ex: bacteria, fungi, worms

10. Energy enters an ecosystem as…
SUNLIGHT!!!
Source of energy!

11. Food Chain
Food chain – shows one path of the flow of energy in an ecosystem
Order of the food chain:
Sun – energy source
Producer
Primary Consumer – eats producers
Secondary Consumer – eats 1st level
consumers
Tertiary Consumer- eats 2nd level
Decomposer – recycles materials for
use by producers

12. Food web
– a model that shows the energy flow through different organisms in an ecosystem.
consists of many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem

13. FOOD WEB VS FOOD CHAIN

14. Rally Robbin
3 – What are the three roles that organisms play in an ecosystem. Describe each.
2 – What are two examples of a decomposer?
1 – Create a food chain that includes & ends with you

15. Ecological Pyramid Models
A pyramid is used to illustrate the structure of the trophic levels in a food chain.
3 types of ecological pyramids:
Energy pyramid
Pyramid of numbers
Biomass pyramid

16. Energy Pyramid
Illustrates the amount of energy that moves from one trophic level to another
The greatest amount of energy is available at the producer level (100% of the energy)
The least amount of energy available to going to be at the top of the food chain.

17. The amount of available energy decreases higher trophic level.
The Rule of 10
Organisms use ~90% of their energy for daily functions.
10% of energy is Stored or passed to the next trophic level.
The amount of available energy decreases higher trophic level.

18. Not in notes
Example
Note the pyramid on the left. At the bottom are thousands of plankton. As you move up the pyramid, all those plankton end up supplying energy to just one shark!

19. Compares the number of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain.
Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid shaped, with the largest number of organisms at the producer level and the lowest number of organisms at the top level

20. Biomass Pyramid Shows the amount of living matter in a food chain.
Total dry weight (without water) of organisms in a food chain
Mass/Area
Example: g/m2

21. BIOMAGNIFICATION
The concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.
The effects of toxins gets multiplied for each step of the pyramid!
Small organisms on the first trophic level might be safe, but all the toxins collect in larger organisms.

22. BIOACCUMULATION
The accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other chemicals in an organism. 
Occurs when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate faster than that at which the substance is lost by catabolism and excretion.
It’s “accumulating” within one organism

23. BIOMAGNIFICATION VS BIOACCUMULATION

25. Now you should be able to…
Describe organisms based on “Mode of Nutrition” (autotroph vs. heterotroph)
Describe different consumers based on what they eat (herbivore, carnivore, etc..)
Describe organisms by what trophic level they occupy in an ecosystem. (1st, 2nd..)
Describe the order in a food chain. (Producer, Primary consumer, 2ndary..)

26. Species Interaction

27. The act of living together
What is symbiosis?
The act of living together
Two organisms that live together temporarily or for a longer time
At least one of the organisms benefits from the relationship

28. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two or more different species.

29. both organisms benefit
What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
both organisms benefit
one organism benefits
one organism benefits
one organism is unaffected
one organism is harmed 29

30. Organism One Organism Two
Mutualism
Organism One Organism Two

31. Clown fish with anemone
Clown fish gets protection
Anemone get a meal
Mutualism: both organisms benefit

32. Organism One Organism Two
Commensalism
Organism One Organism Two

33. Cattle with cattle egrets
Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass Egrets hang around and eat insects
Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

34. Organism One Organism Two
Parasitism
Organism One Organism Two

35. Parasitism: one organism benefits, one organism is harmed
Heartworms live in animal hearts
Parasitism: one organism benefits, one organism is harmed

36. Predation
An interaction in which one organism hunts and kills another for food.

37. Competition
The struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources