1. Do you have any questions for me?
Welcome to SS 6B!
Guided Notes
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Are you on Lesson 13?
Do you have any questions for me?

2. The
Scientific
Revolution

3. Objectives: Describe the Scientific Revolution.
Discuss the roles of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton.

4. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How does the Scientific Revolution challenge the THEOCRACIES and MONARCHIES of the 1700s?

5. Revolution
What does revolution mean?

6. Revolution What does revolution mean?
A Revolution is a complete change, or an overthrow of a government, a social system, etc.
Revolution means dramatic, rapid change. (In this context).
Our definition: A dramatic and rapid change to a social system or way of thinking.

7. Make the Connection Middle Ages 476 AD – 1492 Renaissance 1300 – 1600
Church and Pope supreme over Kings and Governments
Emphasis put on spiritual life and getting into heaven
Middle Ages
476 AD – 1492
Bubonic Plague gets people thinking about enjoying life
Emphasis now on humanism and the way we interact with the world around us.
Renaissance
1300 – 1600
Invention of printing press allows new ideas to spread
Corrupt nature of the Church is exposed, reforms demanded
Monarchs begin to take the power that the Church is losing
Reformations
1517 – 1648

8. Scientific Revolution 1473-1543
Emphasis now put on reason and logic rather than faith
People began to apply these principles to their own lives and governments
Scientific Revolution
Took the ideas and principles of the Scientific Revolution and applied it to society
Enlightenment
Ideas of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution influenced the people to demand a change from their oppressive monarchs and results in revolutions
Absolutism and Upcoming Revolutions

9. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
The voyages of discovery and colonization
Ancient & Medieval works translated into Latin, then vernacular languages
New inventions & institutions that promoted sharing of knowledge

10. Checkpoint!
Can you think of any other instances where information and knowledge became much more easily shared globally?

11. The Scientific Revolution
In the 1500s and 1600s the Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans looked at the world.
People began to make conclusions based on experimentation and observation, instead of merely accepting traditional ideas.

12. Before the Scientific Revolution…
Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer.
Ptolemy
( A.D.)
Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the universe.
People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church.
It was not until some startling discoveries caused Europeans to change the way they viewed the physical world.

13. Before the Scientific Revolution…
Ptolemy
( A.D.)
Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the solar system:
Earth
Moon
Mercury
Venus
Sun
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn

14. The Medieval View The Earth was: immovable the center of the universe.
Everything revolved around the Earth.
This view is known as geocentric theory.
Aristotle’s idea
Ptolemy expanded the theory.
Christianity taught that God had deliberately placed the earth at the center.

15. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who studied in Italy.
In 1543 Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
In his book, Copernicus made two conclusions:
The universe is heliocentric, or sun-centered.
The Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun.

16. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Copernicus’ model of the solar system:
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Moon
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn

17. Astronomy Ptolemy Copernicus
Geocentric: placed the earth at the center of the universe
Copernicus
Heliocentric: placed the sun at the center of the universe; planets revolve around the sun; the moon revolved around the earth

18. Reaction to Copernicus
Most scholars rejected his theory because it went against Ptolemy, and the Church.
Many scientists of the time also felt that if Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was wrong, then the whole system of human knowledge could be wrong.

19. Checkpoint!
What do you think the Church is going to say or do about these new discoveries?

20. Galileo Galilei
( )
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by Copernicus.
Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on the moon and fiery spots on the sun.
He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter – exactly the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated around the sun.
Galileo also discovered that objects fall at the same speed regardless of weight.

21. Galileo Galilei
( )
Galileo’s discoveries caused an uproar. Other scholars came against him because like Copernicus, Galileo was contradicting Ptolemy.
The Church came against Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and unmoving.
When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his beliefs, even though he knew the Earth moved.
Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas.

22. Checkpoint! Think of a really strong belief that you hold…
What if everyone said your belief was wrong?
What if they threatened you with death or house arrest unless you admitted your belief was wrong?
What would you do?

23. The Scientific Revolution
Before the Scientific Revolution
After the Scientific Revolution
Religious teachings and traditional beliefs explained the universe and how the world worked
Observation and experimentation used to explain natural world and solve problems
Scientific Method
Examination of natural laws governing the universe
Ex. The Laws of Gravity

24. The Scientific Method State the problem Collect information
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Record & analyze data
State a conclusion
Repeat steps 1 – 6
Scientists soon discovered that the movements of bodies in nature closely followed what could be predicted by mathematics.
The scientific method set Europe on the road to rapid technological progress.

25. The Scientific Method
According to a popular story, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree, and wondered if the force that pulled the apple to the Earth also controlled the movement of the planets. Newton argued that nature followed laws.

26. The Scientific Method Newton (1643-1727)
Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
Newton was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution.
He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards the earth.

27. The Scientific Method Newton (1643-1727)
Newton published his scientific ideas in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated the laws of motion:
A body at rest stays at rest
Acceleration is caused by force
For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
He invented calculus: a method of mathematical analysis.

28. Questioning Continues
People began to focus on human conditions, instead of just science.
Rights & liberties of citizens
Challenged the relationship between government & its people
Eventually changed the political landscape in many societies.

29. AzMERIT sample test question
The scientific revolution began a slow but profound change in the way people viewed and studied the world. Which of the following expresses one of the major effects of the scientific revolution?
The scientific revolution began to increase beliefs in magical spells, witchcraft, and astrology.
The scientific revolution had an immediate impact on agriculture and medicine.
The scientific revolution created wealth and power for many religious leaders.
The scientific revolution was a major cause of social revolutions that followed it.

30. Thanks for coming! Please complete your
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