1. DO NOW…
What motivates you?

2. Motivation & Emotion
Chapters 12 & 13

3. Motivation Questionnaire
Would you rather have a low paying career that you really enjoy or a high paying job that you dislike?
As an athlete, would you rather be a part of a team championship or be recognized individually as the team’s Most Valuable Player?

4. Motivation Questionnaire
3. Would you rather have no children and a comfortable lifestyle or several children and a strained financial situation?
4. Would you rather be a single millionaire for your entire life or a poor married person with the person of your dreams?

5. Motivation
Includes psychological and physiological factors that cause us to act a certain way.
Also defined as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

6. Motivation Theories Instinct Theory Popular in the early 1900s
William James
Are jealousy, curiosity, cleanliness instincts?
Flaw? Attempts to label and explain behavior using the same terms
Current ideas

7. Motivation Theories Drive Reduction Theory
We do things because we have to fulfill a need (can be psychological or physiological).
Role of Homeostasis
Maintaining a normal, balanced state
Flaw

8. Motivation Theories Arousal Theory
Each of us can be exposed to the same set of stressors and have a different reaction.
Yerkes-Dodson law – The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only up to a certain point.
Maintaining our own optimal level of arousal is key.

9. Motivation Theories
Incentive Theory – stresses the role of the environment in motivating behavior (goals, reinforcers, rewards)
Cognitive Theory
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Which is best?
Danger…Overjustification

10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

11. Drive reduction theory motivates many behaviors necessary for survival
Drive reduction theory motivates many behaviors necessary for survival. A need, or deprivation (for example, a lack of water), leads to an aroused state or drive; this in turn motivates the organism to act to reduce this drive (drink a glass of water) and restore internal stability. Drive reduction theory also motivates behaviors such as
Eating and breathing
Satisfaction of curiosity
Nest building and other instincts
Pursuit of stimulation

12. According to Maslow, we are not prompted to satisfy psychological needs, such as the need to be accepted or loved, until we have satisfied more basic needs. The most basic needs are physiological needs, including the need for food, water, and oxygen. Just above these needs are
Safety needs
Self-esteem needs
Belongingness needs
Psychological needs

13. Maslow assignment:
Create a poster of Maslow’s hierarchy
You must have three pictorial examples of each level
You must also indicate pictorially where you feel you are on the hierarchy

14. Note cards
Please clear everything off of your desk except your note cards

15. DO NOW…
How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs attempt to explain motivation?

16. Hunger Nature Biological – maintain homeostasis Insulin/glucose Leptin
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
Set point

17. Hunger Nurture: Psychological Taste Preference: Biology or Culture?
Bored / Stressed – linked with serotonin

18. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Characterized by:
Refusal to eat
Extreme weight loss
Lack of proper nutrition
Fear of gaining weight
Distorted body image
Possible psychological explanations:
Refusal to grow up
Asserting control over their own lives

19. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by:
Binge eating followed by purging
Excessive concern about body shape and weight
Hiding purging behaviors
Often experiences depression, anxiety, or mood swings
Possible psychological explanations:
Feelings of alienation
Need for approval

20. Some of our responses to food and to eating are learned; others are genetic and universal. Which of the following are genetic responses to food?
An aversion to eating dogs and cats
An interest in novel foods
A preference for sweet and salty foods
An aversion to carbohydrates

21. Other Motivating Factors
Sexual Motivation
Kinsey
18,000 Interviews
Wealthy, urban whites
“Shocking” findings:
Many had engaged in premarital sex
Sexual behavior is enormously varied

22. Sexual Motivation Sexual Response Cycle Masters and Johnson
600 Volunteers; 10,000 cycles
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution

23. Sexual Motivation Sexual Orientation (LeVay)
Hypothalamus – cell cluster that is larger in heterosexual males than in homosexual males and women

24. DO NOW…
Differentiate between theory x and theory y.

25. Other Motivating Factors
Achievement motivation
Flow
Industrial/Organizational Psych
Satisfaction
Leadership
Task
Social
Theory X and Theory Y

26. Task leadership is goal-oriented, while social leadership is group-oriented. Research indicates that effective managers exhibit
Only task leadership
Only social leadership
Both task and social leadership, depending on the situation and the person
Task leadership for building teams, and social leadership for setting standards

27. Emotions
Ch 13

28. Emotions Cross Cultural Facial expressions are universal
Body Language is culturally specific

29. Emotions Expressing Emotions results from four occurrences
You must interpret stimulus
Feeling
Physiological response ( rate)
Display behavior

30. Theories of Emotions James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory
Bodily response (Heart Rate) leads to Emotion (Fear)
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion (Fear) happens at the same time as the bodily response (heart rate)

31. Theories of Emotions Schacter and Singer (Two Factor Theory)
Bodily response (heart rate) along with thinking (I’m afraid) yields the emotional response

33. Do now…
What are the three main theories of emotion?

34. Le Doux Critical of two factor theory
Cognitive appraisal does not necessarily have to precede emotion
Hearing rustling leaves in a forest – fear before you decide if it was a predator or just the wind

35. Updates to Emotion theories
Two Dimensions of Emotion
Pleasant/Unpleasant (emotional valence)
Low arousal/high arousal

36. Emotions Fear Anger Happiness Can be adaptive and dangerous Catharsis
Feel good-do good phenomenon
Subjective well-being
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Relative deprivation

37. Check for Understanding
True or false?
Facial expressions are universal.
A) True
B) False

38. End Lie Detection Turn to pg. 508 Read the section on lie detection
10 minutes
End

39. 60 Minutes: Lie Detection