1. Lecture 2: Hardware Review

2. Review from last lecture
OS is everywhere
Electronic devices in our daily life
Natural security
A critical layer between hardware and applications
An extended machine
Resource manager

3. Introduction A computer system consists of hardware system programs
application programs

4. What is an Operating System?
It is an extended machine
Hides the messy details which must be performed
Presents user with a virtual machine, easy to use abstractions
It is a resource manager
Each program gets time with the resource
Each program gets space on the resource

5. Overview of this lecture
OS history
OS Zoo
Computer hardware review

6. Operating Systems History
: Batch Systems – Cards
: Spooling Batch Systems – Tapes
1960- : Multiprogramming
1970- : Timesharing
1990- : Real-time, Distributed
2005-: WebOS/IoT/Mobile/Wearable/Implantable/Etc.
All programming was done in absolute machine language, vacuum tubes vs transistor

7. The Operating System Zoo
Personal computer operating systems
Single user (usually)
MS-DOS, Windows, Linux
Server operating systems
Focus on networking
Linux, SunOS, Windows NT
Multiprocessor operating systems
Real-time operating systems
Hard versus soft real-time OS
Embedded operating systems
Memory, power constraints
Smart card operating systems
Extreme resource constraints
Mobile Operating Systems
Android, iOS

8. Computer Hardware Review
Monitor
Bus
Components of a simple personal computer

9. CPU
(a) A three-stage pipeline
(b) A superscalar CPU

10. Multicore and Multithreading CPU
Multiple threads in a single core
Multiple cores

11. Memory
Typical memory hierarchy
numbers shown are rough approximations

12. Structure of a disk drive

13. Solid State Drive (SSD)
Flash Memory based on NAND
Cell: Simplest Structure, Array
When a charge is applied, the electrons tunnel into the cell through the dielectric barrier.
When the charge is stopped the electrons are trapped in the cell.
The resulting positive or negative charge can then be measured.
King-Vidas-DFRWS2011 Presentation

15. SSD vs. HDD
From N. Memon’s Slides

16. I/O Devices
(a)
(b)
(a) Steps in starting an I/O device and getting an interrupt
(b) How the CPU is interrupted

17. Structure of a large Pentium system
An Example: Pentium
Structure of a large Pentium system