1. Chapter 1
Toward Civilization

2. Vocabulary Chapter 1 Geography Prehistory Anthropology Culture
Archaeology
Artifact
Historian
Nomad
Animism
Domesticate
Civilization
Polytheistic
Pictogram
Scribe
City-state
Empire
Cultural diffusion

3. Civilization Begins
Prehistory – 3000 B.C.
32 questions

4. Understanding Our Past
* Archaeologists learn about the human past by studying artifacts, or objects made by people, such as tools, weapons, pottery, clothing, and jewelry. (Pre-History, before writing)
* Historians reconstruct the past by studying written evidence such as letters or tax records and visual evidence such as photographs or films.
Must evaluate information for reliability

5. Geography, the study of people and their environments
* Geographers study five major themes
Location, where a place is on the surface of the Earth
Place, physical and human characteristics of a location
Interaction, how people have shaped and been shaped by the places where they lived
Movement, movement of people, goods, and ideas
Region, places with similar unifying physical, economic, or cultural features

6. Sungir, Russia, buried some 25,000 years ago
The Dawn of History
*Old Stone Age or Paleolithic age, until about 10,000 BC (2.5 mill. Yrs. ago)
The people were known as hunter gatherers or nomads
People made tools, digging sticks, spears and axes from natural materials
Ice Age
Neanderthal & Cro-Magnon people live in caves, draw pics. walls
Learned to build fires and wear clothing
Developed spoken languages
Religions began
Sungir, Russia, buried some 25,000 years ago

7. *New Stone Age or Neolithic Age….11,000 years ago
*Humans learned to farm, a development that transformed the way people lived
Planting seeds and domesticating animals
* By about 5,000 years ago, the advances made by early farming communities led to the rise of civilizations.
Social hierarchy
Accumulation of personal property
New technologies

8. Neolithic Agricultural Revolution: Change from hunting and gathering of food to growing food. a major turning point in history

10. Beginnings of Civilizations
*Cities, first rose in river valleys
Nile R. (Africa); Tigris/Euphrates R. (SW Asia); Indus R. (S. Asia); Huang (Yellow) R. (E. Asia)
Water
Farming
Renewable soil
Animals
Transportation

11. *Eight basic features common to most early civilizations:
Cities
Fertile areas producing a food surplus; irrigation
Well-organized central governments
Needed to maintain order and the surplus
Divine Right
Bureaucracy developed
Complex religions
Polytheistic, believing in many gods
Controlling the natural forces and human activities
People created ceremonies, temples and priests to intervene with the gods on behalf of the people
Job specialization
Artisans, priests, farmers, weapons maker and soldiers
Marduk
God of Thunder

12. Features Social classes Arts and architecture
The importance of the persons job ranked them socially
Arts and architecture
Temples to the gods
Places for the rulers
Public works to benefit the city
Defensive walls, irrigation systems, roads and bridges
Writing
Pictograms
Leaders needed to keep records
Scribes learn to read & write
Calendars (predict yearly floods)

13. Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences
Summary
Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences