1. Chapter 15 The Quest for Canadian Identity

2. We are here to teach you about chapter 15.
Hello!
We are here to teach you about chapter 15.

3. What is National Unity?
National Unity: is a feeling of unity held by the people typically held within a nation in which people feel a sense of belonging towards

4. Canadian national unity
Canada is the world’s second largest country. It’s relatively small population is spread over six time zones and regions with very different physical characteristics. The people In these regions may live quite different lives and face different concerns. and they probably have many different points of view and perspectives on issues

5. KEY TERMS Patriated Equalization Payments Inherent Right Ecozone
Economic nationalists

6. Patriated
This terms stands states transfer control over (a constitution) from a mother country to its former dependency.
"the Canadian government moved to patriate the constitution from Great Britain"

7. Inherit rights stands for the As each Nation is a unique cultural entity, a specific definition of what those rights are does not exist but commonly include right to self-government, rights to the land, and right to practice their own culture and customs

8. Ecozone
is the broadest biogeographic division of the Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. They are subdivided in ecoregions, which are classified in biomes or habitat types.

9. Economic nationalism
refers to an ideology that favors state interventionism in the economy, with policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor, and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital.

10. Views on National Unity
Civic Nations: The idea of an ethnically diverse society with a homogenous structure of ideology and culture
EX: Canada and America
Uniform Society: The idea that there is an ideal way of being a certain kind ethnically to be part of a nation
Ex: Japan; restrict immigration in hopes of remaining ‘pure’ ethnically

11. An example is;
in a 1971 speech to the Ukrainian Canadian Congress. Prime minister Pierre Trudeau expressed this idea when he said; “there is no such thing as a model or good canadian. What could be more absurd than the concept of a ‘all canadian’ boy or girl”? A society which emphasises uniformity is one which creates intolerance or hate”
Tie it with the last slide very smartly and smoothly

12. Forces affecting National Unity
External and Internal events
Terrorist attacks
Medical Epidemic
Economic Crisis
The breakdown of a nation
Quebec seceding from Canada
Geography of Canada
Needs and desires differ from region to region
Economics and political dynamics differ

13. Western Alienation
Federal goals and spending don't always match with a regions specific need or want and that leads to alienation or undesirable consequences.
In 1982, when the battle over the National Energy Program was at its peak, there were more feelings of alienation from the West
The federal government and Alberta both argued over control of oil development and revenues.
Westerners wanted more say in federal decisions rather than have their resources tampered without their permission.

14. Federal System and National Unity
The central/federal government did not hold as much power as the constitution.
In 1982, the Constitution patriated and shifted the power to the Canadian government.
The 1982 constitution gave provinces more power over their own affairs such as exclusive control over resource development.
Result:
Alberta became economic prosperous

15. The Federal System And National Unity
In The 1860s
Britain's remaining North American colonies were moving towards the Confederation at the same time civil war broke out in the United States the war was caused in part by a continuing power struggle between the federal and state governments.
When the Constitution;
Power was transferred or patriated from Britain to Canada .
As a result:
Provinces exclusive control over resource development
Alberta had exclusive control over its oil which made Alberta get its big economic boom

16. Equality and Fairness in the Federal System
Citizens who are treated fairly and feel a sense of belonging are more likely to engage in the system
When people feel a sense of national unity they identify with others who belong to the same nation.
For many Canadians, This sense of national unity means sharing national beliefs and values such as respect for diversity.

17. Equalization payments
Since 1957, the Canadian government started using the equalization payment plan/system
The equalization payment system helps less prosperous provinces have access to health care, electricity and clean water no matter what.
The province receiving the funds have the right to allocate their funds how they like
The federal government must ensure that all Canadians no matter where they live have equal access to public services these Services include health care and Social Services electricity in clean water since 1957, the Canadian government has used a system of Equalization payments to try to achieve this goal. The government receives the money for these payments from taxes it collects from Canadian individuals and businesses.

18. Changing equalization payments
In times of economic change(boom or bust), it gets harder to distribute equalization payments for example:
In 2008, Ontario was the only province that had not received but contributed greatly to the equalization payment program.
Ontario government felt like the money sent could be used to enhance the quality of life of Ontarians.
According to Premier Dalton McGuinty, Ontario sent about $20B yearly to the Federal government which could have been used to improve the social programs in Ontario.

19. Political Representation
A compromise was built into the Confederation agreement.
Consists of:
Affects the way seats are allocated relative to population
Ex: In 1907, Alberta had 7 seats in Parliament, In 2008, Alberta had 28 seats in Parliament

20. Inherent Rights and Aboriginals
*Many aboriginals believe that self determination is an inherent right
Inherent right: The right that exists because the natives occupied the land and governed themselves prior to the arrival of the Europeans
There is a difference of opinion amongst Canadians of whether Aboriginals are entitled to self determination; which had created many disputes amongst people living in canada.
The constitution gave ABoriginal Rights but never mentioned specifically self governance or self determination

21. Economic Globalization and National Unity
Economic nationalists: people who believe that a country’s businesses and industries should be protected in which they hold the belief of trade agreements and economic ties can often be a double edged sword.
Trade agreements can have two effects:
Increased trade can lead to economic prosperity for a nation's citizens and economy
Trade agreements may threaten a country’s ability to assert its sovereignty to its highest degree in relation to what is best in its interests
Example: NAFTA, initiated in 1994
Ontario relied on manufacturing but since there was free trade; Canadian manufacturers moved their plants to places that had lower environmental standards and wages which left Canadian workers dry. *Say this after the example of NAFTA*

22. Effects of Immigration
The increase in different races, and more visible different colored people contrary to how the Founders looked.
The foreign born population has nearly quadrupled by 4 times than the Canadian born
High influx rate of 58.3 percent of immigrants from Asia including the Middle East
More than 20 percent cant speak English
Only 5 percent of immigrants settle in rural areas while other settle in Canada's 3 largest cities.
This information is from the 2006 Census….
• 58.3 percent of recent immigrants came from Asia, including the Middle East, compared with 12 percent in 1971.
•More than 20 percent of Canadians speak neither English nor French
as their first language. This was up from 18 percent in 2001.
• After English and French, Chinese languages are the most commonly spoken.
• The percentage of bilingual (English–French) anglophones outside Québec dropped to 13 per cent from 16.3 percent in 1996.
• More than 60 percent of immigrants choose to live in Canada’s three largest cities: Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver. Only 5 per cent settle in rural areas.
•More than 80 per cent of Canadians live in urban centres.

23. Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism: A commission that was set up in August of 1963 to try to find ways to resolve the French-English conflict and maintain national unity.
Issues being solved by the Royal Comm. of B and B:
Most francophones were not having their voices heard including Quebec
Francophone minorities outside of Quebec were lacking educational rights more than the anglophone minority in Quebec
Francophones could not get federal jobs or access federal services in French
The Official Languages Act of 1969 was influenced by the Royal Comm. of B and B
The Official Languages Act was to:
Affirm French and English as official languages of Canada
Preserve and develop official language communities in Canada
guarantee that federal services are available in both official languages

24. Thanks!
Any questions?