1. DATA Metric System (SI) Taking Measurements Organization Presentation

2. Data
Your data are all the records you have gathered from an investigation.
The types of data collected depend on the activity.
Data may be a series of weights of volumes, a set of color changes,
or a list of scientific names.
No matter which types of data are collected, all data must be treated
carefully to ensure accurate results.
Sometimes the data seem to be wrong, but even then,
they are important and should be recorded accurately.
Remember that nature cannot be wrong,
regardless of what you discover in the laboratory.
Data that seem to be “wrong” are probably the result of the experimental error.

3. Metric System
A decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of ___
Based on units of 10
ten

4. Metric System Kilo (k) = 1000 Hecta (h) = 100 Deka (D) = 10 Base = 1
Deci (d) = 0.1
Centi (c) = 0.01
Milli (m) = 0.001
The system is easy to use because it is based on multiples of 10
1 kilometer = 1000 meters
1 liter = 1000 milliliters
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 meter = 100 cm
1 gram = 1000 milligrams

5. Measurement in Biology/Chemistry/Science
Scientists use a revised form of the metric system called
Le Systeme International d’Unites (International System of Units) or SI Units

6. S.I. Base Units
The International System of Units (S.I.) defines seven base units for the seven base quantities:
Quantity   
Name   
Symbol
length
meter m
mass
kilogram kg
time
second s
electric current
ampere A
thermodynamic temperature
kelvin K
luminous intensity
candela cd
amount of substance
mole
mol

7. S.I. Base Units

8. Length The distance from one point to another
Meter – the SI unit of length
Tool used to measure length depends on the size of the object
Larger objects (i.e. the room)
– meter stick
Smaller objects (i.e. pencil length)
– centimeter ruler
Frequently used SI units
1 millimeter (mm) = micrometers (mm)
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)
1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)
1 kilometer (km) = meters (m)
1 light-year = 9,460,000,000,000 kilometers (km)
Length

9. Measuring Length Measure the distance from Point A to B
What distance is Point A? Point B?
What is the total distance between points?
4.5 cm
6.4 cm
6.4 cm – 4.5 cm =
1.9 cm

10. Mass The amount of matter in something
Mass is measured using a balance or triple beam balance
Or an electronic balance

11. Mass
However, some measurements of mass like the mass of vitamins or medicines are so small that we use milligrams (mg) to measure their mass
The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg)
The gram is the base unit
Frequently used SI units
1 gram (g) = milligrams (mg)
1 kilogram (kg) = grams (g)
1 metric ton = kilograms (kg)
Mass

12. Measuring Mass Measured using a balance
What is the mass of this object?
175 g

13. Area
Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface.
The term can also be used in a non-mathematical context to be mean "vicinity".
Surface area is the summation of the areas of the exposed sides of an object.
Frequently used SI units
Area
1 square meter (m2) = 10,000 square centimeters (cm2)
1 square kilometer (km2) = 1,000,000 square meters (m2)

14. Measuring Area Area = Length x Width
1 cm
1 cm
The square has an area of 4 square
centimeters (4 cm2)
Area = l x l2
= 2 cm x 2 cm
2 cm
Area = 4 square centimeters (4 cm2)
2 cm

15. Measuring Area Calculate the area of the following rectangles Area =
2 cm
3 cm cm
5 cm
8 cm
Area =
2 cm X 5 cm
Area =
3 cm X 8 cm
Area =
10 cm2
Area =
24 cm2

16. Volume The amount of space a substance takes up
Volume of a liquid is found using a graduated cylinder
Unit is liters (L) or milliliters (mL)
Frequently used SI units
1 milliliter (mL) = 1 cubic centimeter (cc) or (cm3)
1 liter (L) = milliliters (mL) or 1 dm3
Volume

17. Measuring Volume Liquid volume measured using graduated cylinder
Read volume at meniscus ( downward curve of water)
What is the volume of this liquid?
45 mL

18. Measuring Volume
Find the volume of these liquids
15 mL
16 mL
12.5 mL

19. Volume Volume of a solid is found using the volume equation
length x width x height
In this equation, we are also multiplying the units together so units for the volume of a solid are…
m x m x m = m3 OR cm x cm x cm = cm3
Also know that 1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc (cubic centimeter)

20. What is the volume of a cube
Measuring Volume
Solid volume measured using volume equation (l x w x h)
What is the volume of a cube
that is 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm?
Volume = l1 x l2 x l3
= 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm
Volume = 8 cubic centimeters (8 cm3)

21. Measuring Volume Calculate the volume of the box Volume = Volume =
l x w x h
Volume =
6 mm X 5 mm X 2 mm
6 mm
Volume =
60 mm3
2 mm
5 mm

22. Water Displacement
Some solid samples, such as an irregularly shaped rock cannot have their volume measured easily by using the volume equation (length x width x height)
For these solids, scientists use a technique called Water Displacement

23. Water Displacement Steps of Water Displacement
1. Add water to a graduated cylinder and record its volume (ex: 7 ml)
2. Place the irregularly shaped solid into the graduated cylinder already containing water and record the new volume (ex: 9 ml)

24. Water Displacement
3. Subtract the smaller volume (combined volume) from the larger volume (water only) to get the volume of the irregularly shaped solid. (ex: 9 ml – 7 ml = 2 ml)
4. We would say that the irregularly shaped solid takes up 2 ml of space. Since it is a solid, we need to state the volume using cm3 so we would say that its volume is 2 cm3

25. Water Displacement Volume = V2 – V1 Volume = 30 – 20 Volume = 10 mL
= 10 cm3

26. Temperature The amount of heat in something
Tool used to measure temperature is a thermometer
Celsius is the unit of measure in the metric system

27. Temperature SI unit for temperature is the Kelvin (K)
Notice that there is no degree sign used!
Kelvin scale is easier for scientists to use
To calculate Kelvin you add 273 to the Celsius temperature
Ex. 23 ○C = = 296 K

28. Reading a Thermometer What’s the temperature? -14.0 ○C -14 ○C 24.5 ○C-5
-10
-15 -5
-10
-15 -5
-10
-15 30 25 20 -5
-10
When making a measurement; record what is known with certainty and estimate the next digit.
-15
-14.0 ○C
-14 ○C
24.5 ○C

29. Time The period between 2 events The SI unit of time is the second (s)
Measurement tool of time is a stopwatch

30. Recording and Organizing Laboratory Data
There are many ways to record and organize data, including:
data tables, charts, and graphs.
It is important to include the appropriate units when you record data.
Remember that DATA are measurements or observations, not merely numbers.
Data tables, graphs, and diagrams should have descriptive titles to ensure that
another person can understand them without having been present during the
investigation.
Many important scientific discoveries have been made accidentally in the
course of an often unrelated laboratory activity. Scientists who keep very
careful and complete records sometimes notice unexpected trends in and
relationships among data long after the work is completed. The laboratory
notebooks of working scientists are studded with diagrams and notes;
every step of every procedure is carefully recorded.

31. Data Tables and Charts
Data tables are probably the most common means of recording data.
Although prepared data tables are often provided in lab manuals, it is
important that you be able to construct your own. The best way to do
this is to choose a title for your data table and them make a list of the
types of data to be collected. This list will become the headings for
your data columns.
For example, if you collected data on plant growth that included both
the length of time it took for the plant to grow and the amount of growth,
you could record your data in a table (as shown below).
Plant Growth Data
Example Data Table
Time in Days
Height of Plant (cm) 1 10 3 12 5 15 7 18 9 20
These data are the basis for all your
later interpretations and analyses. You can
always ask new questions about the data,
but you cannot get new data without re-
peating the experiment.

32. Number of Flies on Meat per Day
Ways to Record Data
Data Tables:
Must have a title
Must include relevant data
Must have labeled columns
Number of Flies on Meat per Day
Day
Number of Flies 1 10 2 50 3
160 4 40 5 6

33. Graphs
After data are collected, you must determine how to display them
One way of showing your results is to use a graph
Three types of graphs are commonly used
Pie (circle) graphs
Line graphs
Bar graphs

34. Ways to Graph Data Pie Graph:
Used to show how a part relates to the whole
Needed to show percentages effectively
SHS’s Biology Ice Cream Survey
Vanilla 21.0%
Chocolate 33.%
Strawberry 12.0%
Raspberry 4.0%
Peach 7.0%
Neopolitan 17.0%
Other %

35. Ways to Graph Data (Continued)
Line graph: used to show change over time
Bar graph: used to compare quantities in different categories
Be sure to include:
Title
Axis labels
Key

36. Making a Line Graph Start with your data table Draw and Label Axes
Experimental Data
Independent Variable on the x-axis
Independent
Variable
Submersion time
(seconds)
Dependent
Average height
liquid rose (mm) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 11 14 16 17 19
liquid rose (mm)
Average height
Dependent Variable on the y-axis
Submersion time (sec)
Would help to know that this experiment was done with paper towels

37. Making a Line Graph (Continued)
Experimental Data
Using your data table, write data pairs
Independent
Variable
Submersion time
(seconds)
Dependent
Average height
liquid rose (mm) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 11 14 16 17 19
(10, 11)
(15, 14)
(20, 14)
(25, 25)
(30, 16)
(35, 17)
(40, 19)

38. Making a Line Graph (Continued)
Use your data pairs to determine the scales for the axes
2. Write Data Pairs
(10, 11)
(15, 14)
(20, 14)
(25, 25)
(30, 16)
(35, 17)
(40, 19)

39. Making a Line Graph (Continued)
Start plotting your data pairs

40. Making a Line Graph (Continued)
After plotting data, draw a line “of best fit”

41. Making a Line Graph (Continued)
Complete the graph by summarizing its findings
“As the length of time the paper towel
was submerged increased, the height
the liquid rose also increased.”

42. Making a Bar Graph Again, Start with your data table
Draw and Label Axes

43. Making a Bar Graph (Continued)
Using your data table, write data pairs

44. Making a Bar Graph (Continued)
Use your data pairs to determine the scales for the axes

45. Making a Bar Graph (Continued)
Start plotting your data pairs

46. Making a Bar Graph (Continued)
After plotting data, fill in bars 36
Include a key if needed 32 28
Water absorbed (mL) 24 20 16 A B C D E F
Brand of paper towel

47. Making a Bar Graph (Continued)
5. Summarize Trends
Complete the graph by summarizing its findings 36 32
Brands A and D were the most
effective water absorbers.
The least effective absorber
was Brand B.
Brands C, E, and F absorbed
intermediate amounts of water. 28
Water absorbed (mL) 24 20 16 A B C D E F
Brand of paper towel

48. Graphing Review Purposes: Components: Organize and analyze data
Show patterns
Communicate information
Allow scientists to make predictions
Components:
Appropriate title
Equal units on each axis with good use of spacing
Labels on each axis including units
(example, mm, sec., kg.)
Neatly created using a variety of color

49. Types of Graphs
Graph Review