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India, Gandhi, Japan Quiz – 4/17
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WHY did the U.S. decide to help Japan rebuild after WWII?
To prevent the spread of communism from the Soviet Union. The US belief in the Domino Theory led to the US Cold War foreign policy of “containment.” Economic interests and benefits from Japan To prevent Japan from rebuilding their military and becoming another Germany.
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Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Mughals brought many changes to India, two of which were centralizing government to bring many smaller kingdoms together, and a style of architecture that was very intricate and extravagant (Taj Mahal). The Taj Mahal marks the peak of the Mughal Empire, it symbolizes stability, power and confidence.
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The British are coming, the British are coming!
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British in India A group of British traders called the East India Company first came to India at the beginning of the 17th century. At this time, India was ruled by the Muslim Mughal Empire. The British hoped to gain huge profits from their control of the Indian economy. To make sure that they profited from controlling trade with India, the British not only controlled the most valuable spice trade, but often pushed farmers to grow cash crops such as cotton and tea. Although many farmers agreed to Britain’s request and grew the cash crops, they didn’t end up sharing in the profits. Furthermore, because the farmers had devoted their lands to growing non- edible rather than edible crops, they soon found that they often couldn’t produce enough food to feed their own families.
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British in India By the end of the 17th century it had effective authority over the three main ports in India. The power of the British spread across India and by the 1850’s, almost the entire country was under its total control. The East India Company continued its business affairs and India came to be known as “The Jewel in the Crown” since it was the most profitable British colony.
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The Sepoy Rebellion Sepoys were Indian troops that served in the British army. In 1857, the British issued new ammunition to the Sepoys. The new cartridges had to be bitten off before they could be used; however, the cartridges were greased in beef and pork fat. Most of the Sepoys were Hindus or Muslims; since cows are sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden for Muslims, the Sepoys refused to use the new ammunition. General discontent with the increasing British domination over India turned the incident into a full-scale rebellion. Intense fighting often broke out, and it took the British ten months to end the rebellion. Indian soldiers took over a British fort and massacred 200 women and children. However, in the end, the Sepoy Rebellion, also called the First War for Independence by Indians, or simply “The Mutiny” by the British, “strengthened the British hold on India.” In 1858, India (and the East India Company) officially handed power over to the British crown giving Queen Victoria a new state and title, the Queen-Empress.
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Battle for Independence
The decades following the Sepoy Rebellion and the transfer of power to the actual British government, nationalism started to grow in India, followed by a boycott of British goods. World War I did not help the British in gaining back Indian support, and in Mohandas Gandhi gained control of the Congress. After a riot and the imprisonment of Gandhi in the late twenties, Jawaharlal Nehru was elected president of the Congress. Nehru was very supportive of the freedom cause, but was very Western in his ideas about technology and industry and was liked by the British. In August of 1947, after a long struggle for freedom and what some say was a WWII fighting/ally agreement between India and the British, India gained its independence and Nehru became its first prime minister.
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Mohandas Gandhi aka “Mahatma” - “The Great Soul”
"Nonviolence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man." – Gandhi
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Context -Born in Father was Hindu -Mother believed Jainism – all living things are holy -He grew up and studied law in London -His first trial, he was extremely shy & didn’t speak -Gandhi tried somewhere else – South Africa -What happened in South Africa?
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His return to India -Extreme poverty -Strips his suit off and puts on the loin cloth -Why? -Self-respect tied to independence, why?
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Partitioning of India -Gandhi feared this partitioning done by Great Britain British wanted to separate religions: Hindu/Sikhs v. Muslims -Two groups packed up and went their separate ways. They collided and riots followed. Pakistan and India still don’t have the greatest relationship today -Kashmir – disputed territory – Why?
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Gandhi and the fight for independence in India
Gandhi took the lead in the long struggle for independence from Britain. He never wavered in his unshakable belief in nonviolent protest and religious tolerance. When fellow Muslim and Hindu countrymen committed acts of violence, whether against the British who ruled India, or against each other, he fasted until the fighting stopped. Independence, when it came in 1947, was not a military victory, but a triumph of human will. To Gandhi's disappointment, however, the country was split into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. The last two months of his life were spent trying to end the horrible violence which followed, leading him to fast to the brink of death, an act which finally ended the riots. In January 1948, at the age of 79, he was killed by an assassin as he walked through a crowded garden in New Delhi to take evening prayers.
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Timeline Movement 1 – non-cooperation, 1920s
Movement 2 – Civil disobedience (peacefully breaking the law) Salt March (1930) – HUGE turning point – 240 mi. “…although by itself it failed to bring Indian Independence, it seriously undermined British authority and united India’s population in a movement for independence under leadership of the Indian National Congress (INC).” –non-violent conflict.org Movement 3 – Again in the 1940s India’s independence in 1947 Death of Gandhi – 1948, assassination
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US Rebuilding of Japan
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WHY did the U.S. decide to help Japan rebuild after WWII?
To prevent the spread of communism from the Soviet Union. The US belief in the Domino Theory led to the US Cold War foreign policy of “containment.” Economic interests and benefits from Japan To prevent Japan from rebuilding their military and becoming another Germany.
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HOW did the U.S. help Japan rebuild after WWII?
the U.S. loaned the Japanese government large sums of money The U.S. helped Japan write a new constitution known as the MacArthur Constitution. The U.S. shared technology related to electronics with Japan.
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Reasons for US Rebuilding Japan
Stop the spread of communism throughout Asia and promote democracy in the region by reforming Japan’s monarchy into a constitutional monarchy (democracy with an emperor with limited power). Improve Japan’s economy in order to trade with Japan and sell US products to Japan’s market.
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EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE REBUILDING OF JAPAN AFTER WORLD WAR II Japan declares war on the U.S. by bombing the naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. America then declares war on Japan and enters WWII. Japan is granted membership into the United Nations five years after a seven year U.S. occupation. Political, economic, and social reforms were introduced, such as a freely elected Japanese Diet (legislature) and universal adult suffrage (voting rights). Japan establishes a constitutional monarchy. U. S. financial support, along with the Japanese values of hard work lead to a period of great economic growth for Japan. The U.S. drops atomic bombs on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending WWII. Today Japan has one of the most powerful industrialized economies in the world. Like the U.S., Japan encourages a market economy which motivates people to develop new ideas and expand businesses. After WWII, Japan was placed under international control of the Allies through the Supreme Commander, General Douglas MacArthur. 1945 2009 1955 1947 1952 1941
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JAPAN ATTACKS THE U.S. 1941 Japan declares war on the U.S. by bombing the naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. America then declares war on Japan and enters WWII.
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U.S. ENDS WORLD WAR II 1945 The U.S. drops atomic bombs on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending WWII.
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U.S. OCCUPATION OF JAPAN 1945 After WWII, Japan was placed under international control of the Allies through the Supreme Commander, General Douglas MacArthur. Gen. Douglas MacArthur accepts the Unconditional Surrender from the Empire of Japan
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JAPANESE REFORMS (Changes) 1947
Political, economic, and social reforms were introduced, such as a freely elected Japanese Diet (legislature) and universal adult suffrage (voting rights). Japan establishes a constitutional monarchy. Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito.
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JAPANESE CONSTITUTION
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Transforming Japan into a Democracy
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US REBUILDS JAPAN’S ECONOMY 1955
U. S. financial support, along with the Japanese values of hard work lead to a period of great economic growth for Japan.
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THE COMPACT CAR JAPANESE IMPORTS TO THE U.S. IN THE 1970s
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JAPAN REPRESENTED A NEW MARKET FOR AMERICAN GOODS AND SERVICES
THIS HELPED IMPROVE BOTH COUNTRY’S ECONOMIES
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JAPAN IS A MODEL NATION 2009 Today, Japan has one of the most powerful industrialized economies in the world. Like the U.S., Japan encourages a market economy which motivates people to develop new ideas and expand businesses.
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