1. Agenda diēs Lunae, a.d. iv Id. Sept. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: syllabus/policies, signed
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Introduction to Latin
Latin Nouns: Characteristics and Terminology
Vocabulary List #1 & Derivatives
Tips and Tricks for Studying Vocabulary
Pensum:
Binder 1 due tomorrow (divided into sections on syllabus)
Derivatives on Vocab. 1
Study Vocab. List 1
Latin 1
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School

2. Latin Alphabet & Pronunciation
Introduction to Latin
What is Latin?
Latin vs. English
Parts of Speech
Latin Alphabet & Pronunciation

3. What is Latin?
language spoken by Romans and inhabitants of the Roman empire
“dead language” = not spoken
descends from Indo-European (parent language), just like English
so why and how are Latin & English so different?

4. Latin vs. English
to show relationship between words and meaning of a sentence…
English relies on word order
Latin relies on changes in word
these changes within the words are called inflection
English is only slightly inflected, but Latin is a highly inflected language
when studying Latin…
what do the endings of words tell us about them and how they relate to other words in a sentence?
look at the endings; pay less attention to word order
pay attention to different endings between parts of speech

5. Parts of Speech in English
parts of speech are the different types/groups of words in a language
there EIGHT in English; what are they?
Verbs
Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections

6. Parts of Speech in Latin
Latin has the same eight parts of speech as English:
Verbs
Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections

7. Parts of Speech in Latin
not all parts of speech in Latin are inflected:
nouns, adjectives, and pronouns are inflected
this inflection is called declension
verbs are also inflected
this inflection is called conjugation
prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, and interjections are not inflected

8. What did Latin sound like? The Latin Alphabet

9. The Latin Alphabet A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z
the Latin alphabet looks like this:
A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z
what’s missing?
the Latin alphabet had no J or W
BUT, it had letters that make the J and W sounds

10. The Latin Alphabet SHORT VOWELS a  “u” idea e  “eh” bet i  “ih” hit
o  “aw” often
u  “uh” put
y  somewhere between the i (hit) and u (mute)
Latin vowels are either short (like those above) or long
short vowels are unmarked; long vowels have a line over them to indicate they are long (called a macron or long mark)

11. The Latin Alphabet LONG VOWELS ā  “ah” father ē  “ey” obey
ī  “ee” machine
ō  “oh” note
ū  “oo” rule [never like “ew” as in pupil]
ȳ  same as short y, but more drawn out

12. The Latin Alphabet DIPHTHONGS ei  neighbor ae  island au  now
diphthongs are 2 vowels written together that make one sound
ei  neighbor
ae  island
au  now
oe  joy
eu  like “ayoo”
ui  with

13. The Latin Alphabet c = k (‘hard c’)  car g = hard g  game
Latin consonants are pronounced exactly as they are in English, with only a few exceptions:
c = k (‘hard c’)  car
g = hard g  game
v = w  weekly
i (consonantal) = y  yellow
i is a consonant…
at the beginning of a word followed by a vowel
between vowels

14. Characteristics of Latin Nouns

15. Latin Nouns
like in English, a Latin noun indicates a person, place, thing, or idea
all Latin nouns belong to a family, called a declension
declension: group of nouns that share a common ending pattern
there are 5 declensions, named 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th
each declension has its own set of endings, but there are similar patterns across different declensions
to determine a noun’s declension, look at the gen. sg. ending

16. Three Characteristics of Latin Nouns
every Latin noun has three characteristics, shown through the declension endings:
CASE: indicates the use or grammatical function of the noun
answers the question ‘what’s it doing?’
NUMBER: indicates singular (1) or plural (>1)
answers the question ‘how many?’
GENDER: masculine, feminine, neuter
Section 01 (Orange, 104) finished this

17. Characteristic 1: Case
case indicates use (grammatical function) of a noun in a sentence
English shows case by word order; Latin by word ending – these are called case endings
There are 7 cases* in Latin:
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
Locative
*Note: the vocative and locative are not very common; NGDAcAb are the five major cases
Section 02 (Yellow, 135) & Section 03 (Green, 101) finished this

18. Vocabulary List 1

19. agricola, agricolae, m.
farmer

20. aqua, aquae, f.
water

21. fēmina, fēminae, f.
woman

22. fortūna, fortūnae, f.
fortune, chance

23. Gaul (roughly modern France)
Gallia, Galliae, f.
Gaul
(roughly modern France)

24. īnsula, īnsulae, f.
island

25. Ītalia, Ītaliae, f.
Italy

26. lingua, linguae, f.
language, tongue

27. littera, litterae, f.
letter (of alphabet)

28. litterae, litterārum, f. pl.
letter (epistle), letters

29. memoria, memoriae, f.
memory

30. nātūra, nāturae, f.
nature

31. poēta, poētae, m.
poet

32. prōvincia, prōvinciae, f.
province

33. puella, puellae, f.
girl

34. silva, silvae, f.
forest

35. vīta, vītae, f.
life

36. est
is; there is

37. sunt
are; there are

38. Asia Minor (roughly modern Turkey)
Asia, Asiae, f.
Asia Minor
(roughly modern Turkey)

39. in (+ abl.)
in, on

40. patria, patriae, f.
country, fatherland

41. Trōia, Trōiae, f.
Troy

42. Tips for Studying Vocabulary
make flashcards
use Quizlet [check blog for link to class sets]
say the word aloud whenever possible, especially when you write it down
write the word as much as possible
use derivatives:
words in one language that come from a word or word family in a different language
must be related in form AND meaning
spend ~5 mins. every night reviewing the week’s vocab.