1. EIGE’s COUNTRY VISIT TO CROATIA Promoting and supporting gender equality: the work of EIGE. Blandine Mollard Research Officer, EIGE Zagreb, 19 – 20 November 2018

2. To allow an analysis over time and geographical areas
To monitor gaps and trends on gender equality throughout the Member States and the EU
To allow an analysis over time and geographical areas
To focus on the situation of women and men overall and in selected areas of concern
To support the evaluation of the effectiveness of the measures and policies
The Gender Equality Index provides a synthetic measure of gender equality that is both easy to understand and to communicate. This tool can play an important role by supporting decision-makers in assessing how far a given Member State is from reaching gender equality. The use of the Index allows meaningful comparisons to be made between different policy areas. Last but not least, it gives visibility to gender equality by making it possible to measure its progress over time.

3. Gender gaps adjusted for levels of achievement
Measured on a scale from 1 to 100, with the higher the score, the more gender-equal the society. To capture the level of gender equality, the Index takes into accounts gaps between women and men. To give the example of participation on the labour market, if the gap between women and men’s employment rate is 20 percentage points we will take this in consideration as a gap. In other circumstances, for examples educational attainment, women will be ahead and the gap to the detriment of men will be used in the calculations. We also consider level of achievement in the calculations. If we only captured gender gaps, then we could be attributing high scores to situation where both women and men are at high risks of poverty, which would be against the purpose of the Index to support more equitable public policies.

4. The gender equality Index measures inequalities between women and men in 6 areas of life: work, money, knowledge, time, power, health. The score for each of these domains is aggregated to form the Gender Equality Index score. Two additional dimensions are also analysed but don’t affect the final score: the first one is violence against women and the second is intersecting inequalities.

12. The Gender Equality Index 2017 examines the progress and challenges in achieving gender equality across the European Union from 2005 to Using a scale from 1 (full inequality) to 100 (full equality), it measures the differences between women and men in key domains of the EU policy framework (work, money, knowledge, time, power and health). The Index also measures violence against women and intersecting inequalities. These are satellite domains and are part of the framework of the Gender Equality Index but do not have an impact on the overall score. Intersecting inequalities show how gender intersects with age, education, family composition, country of birth and disability. The Gender Equality Index provides results for each domain and sub-domain for the EU and its 28 Member States ().
() The Gender Equality Index 2017 is based on the data of Eurostat (Education statistics, EU Labour Force Survey, European Health Interview Survey, EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, Structure of Earnings Survey), of Eurofound (European Quality of Life Survey, European Working Conditions Survey), of EIGE’s Gender Statistics Database (Women and Men in Decision-Making) and of the Fundamental Rights Agency’s Violence Against Women survey. The year of reference is 2015 (2014 for data on intersecting inequalities). The age of the reference population for the indicators is either 15+, 16+ or 18+, depending on the source.

13. The Gender Equality Index
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Full Equality
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The Gender Equality Index:
In line with the EU’s framework on gender equality for both women and men, the Index adopts a gender approach rather than fo­cusing on women’s empowerment
Considers indicators that are more relevant in the European context (eg literacy rates versus university graduates)
Aligns itself to the EU policy framework, it gives preference to indicators that are connected to targets and strategic documents
Builds upon a comprehensive framework, allowing to show data gaps,
Its structure of this index is flexible, as it relies on a core index which can be complemented by satellite accounts. Such a system can thus allow for additional ad hoc analyses. In addition, it also benefits from the highly developed statistical system in the EU, with a wide breadth of indicators (27 in total). Because it can draw on high quality harmonised data at EU level, it is also able to measure gender equality in a meaningful way and to minimise the impact of different cultural and societal understandings across Member States.

14. Parenthood and family type
Intersections covered by the Gender Equality Index
GENDER +
Age
Country of birth
Dis/ability
Parenthood and family type
Level of education
Gender gaps

15. Gender Equality Index 2017 Room for improvement
This slide highlights the score for the 28 EU Member States and for the EU itself. As you can see every single country has the potential to improve in different areas.
In the Gender Equality Index 2017, Croatia achieved a score of 53.1 out of 100, which is 2.8 points higher than the score of Croatia’s score is about 13 points below the EU-28. Croatia ranks 24th all over the Union, two positions lower than in 2005.

16. In Croatia, the scores of all domains have progressed from 2005 to 2015.
The gender equality score in the domain of health is the highest in Croatia. It ranks 21st in the EU-28 and is one position higher than in The sub-domain of access is more gender equal (10th highest score in the European Union) than the sub-domains of status and behavior. Nevertheless, all scores have progressed.
The biggest improvement has taken place in the domain of knowledge. The situation got better, in terms of gender equality, in both of the sub-domains: attainment and participation as well as segregation. Nonetheless, Croatia’s scores are among the least performing in comparison to the other Member States. Segregation remains a major challenge.
Also in the domain of time the score has progressed. The situation got better especially regarding the gender allocation of time in social activities. Nevertheless, Croatia’s score regarding care, educational, and housework activities is the 27th in EU-28.
Even if to a lesser extent, gender equality has improved also in the domains of work and money. In relation to the labour market, segregation is persistent, whereas participation has improved.
In regards to money, whereas the situation has stalled in relation to financial resources, it has slightly improved in terms of distribution of wealth and poverty.
The lowest score in Croatia is in the domain of power. The score has increased very slightly and ranks 21st all over EU-28. Two sub-domains have regressed (political and economic power) while one has progressed significantly (social power).
After this general picture I would like to give you some more details on a series of indicators, especially those for which we see some interesting results for certain groups.

17. Participation in employment increases with education
After this general picture I would like to give you some more details on a series of indicators, especially those for which we see some interesting results for certain groups.
The employment rate (20-64) in 2015 was 56 % for women versus 65 % for men. The total employment rate is 61 %. Croatia is not far away from its national target within the EU2020 strategy (62.9 %).
The gender gap in the employment rate is slightly bigger when the number of hours worked is taken into account. The full-time equivalent (FTE) employment rate of women is around 38 %, compared to 49 % for men.
The FTE employment rate increases as education levels rises. Moreover, the gender gap tends to decrease as the levels of education increase.
12%
21%
44%
54%
68%
64%
Low education
Medium education
High education

18. Family formation lowers women’s earnings but boosts men’s
Source: EIGE’s calculations from EU SILC.
One of the indicators in the domain of money looks at women and men’s earnings. On average, the gender gap in monthly earnings in the EU was of 20% in 2015.
We know that earnings are affected by a wide range of factors including age, country of birth, level of education, disability. We found that family composition had a very strong impact on earnings.
In the graph you can see the level of monthly earnings for women and men in the EU depending on their family type. On the left, you can see that single men earn on average 14% more than single women. The gap widens when women and men belong to a couple and widens even further with the presence of children in the family. From this perspective, it appears that every family situation beyond singlehood means a drop in earnings for women while it leads to earning boost for men.

19. Gender gaps higher within couples with children
Across the Member States, gender gaps in earnings are significantly higher among couples with children (8 percentage points at the EU level, 10 percentage points in Croatia). It shows, that to the exception of Cyprus and Italy, the presence of children in the family widens gender inequalities in earnings. The difference reachs 18 percentage points in Austria and 20 in Germany.
This figures alludes to the fact that having children strengthen men’s position on the labour market and rewards men financially while it harms women’s earnings. This is often referred to as the ‘motherhood pay gap’ and the ‘fatherhood premium’.

20. Women slightly more likely to graduate from tertiary education
Graduates of tertiary education by sex and EU Member State (15+ population, %), 2015
The score in the domain of knowledge has increased. Gender equality has improved regarding both segregation as well as attainment and participation.
The number of tertiary graduates increased, mostly among women.
19 % of women and 18 % of men have a tertiary degree. The gap, which in 2005 was to the detriment of women, has been reversed. Up to the age of 49, there are more women than men who have completed tertiary education.
Croatia is on its way to meet their national EU2020 target to have 35 % of people aged obtain tertiary education. The current rate is 31 %.
In Croatia gender segregation in knowledge remains a problematic area. 33 % of women students are concentrated in the fields of education, health and welfare, humanities and art, compared to 13 % of men.

21. Women with disabilities less likely to graduate from tertiary education
33% of women students
13% of men students
Only 7 % of women with disabilities have attained tertiary education, compared to 20 % of women without disabilities. For men such shares are, respectively, 9 % and 14 %.
In Croatia gender segregation in knowledge remains a problematic area. 33 % of women students are concentrated in the fields of education, health and welfare, humanities and art, compared to 13 % of men.
In education, health and welfare, humanities and art 7% 9%
20%
14%
People with disabilities
People without disabilities

22. Women more likely to engage in unpaid care work
People caring for their children or grandchildren, older and people with disabilities, every day for one hour or more by sex and EU Member State (18+ population, %), EU-28, 2016

23. Despite some progress, men still dominate boards of largest companies
Share of women in the boards of largest quoted companies, supervisory board or board of directors, by EU Member State (%), 2005 and 2015

24. Share of women in parliament stalling since 2005
Share of women members of parliament by EU Member State, (%), 2005 and 2015
In the 3rd quarter of 2018, women represent 20.5 % of members of parliaments

25. Violence remains a reality in women’s lives
In Croatia, 21 % of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence since the age of 15. In EU-28 the average is 33 %.
32 % of women who experienced physical and/or sexual violence in the past 12 months suffered health consequences
Costs of VAW in Croatia = 1.9 billions euros a year lost economic outputs, services utilisation and personal costs.
15 % of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by any perpetrator in the past 12 months have not told anyone. This rate is slightly above the one estimated at European Union level (13 %).

26. Progress in gender equality is as slow as a snail’s pace
Lives of women and men still profoundly shaped by gender inequalities in Croatia
Political pressure and legislative actions accelerate progress and improve gender balance in decision-making.
A gendered division across study fields and occupations remains a reality in Europe.
Unequal sharing of time for caring duties proves to be the most resistant to change.
Gender and intersectional perspectives help to develop more equitable and effective policies.

27. Explore the Gender Equality Index

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