1. Europe in 1815
Trends and Themes

2. Enlightenment Ideas What is the Enlightenment?
Age of Reason: Rationality
Progress
Usefulness/Practicality
Religious Tolerance
Civil Liberties
Equality (theoretical)

3. Politics Recent Shake-ups: War
In 1815 what type of government did most European countries have?
Recent Shake-ups: War
American Revolution
French Revolution 1789
Defending the Revolution: France vs. Europe
Napoleon’s Conquests to 1815

4. Politics Napoleon’s changes
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789
Napoleon’s changes

5. Politics Peace: Congress of Vienna 1815 Creates a Balance of Power
Reflects Conservative Values in Governments
Definition of “conservative”
Monarchy is restored and strengthened
Parliaments are made of the wealthy classes
Voting rights are limited

6. Politics But still demands for Equality before the law
Civil Rights/Freedoms
More Democracy
Rationalized, Efficient Government
These ideas are 19th Century Liberalism

7. Religion Background What was the Reformation?
When was the Reformation?
Wars of Religion 1500s, 1600s

8. Religion Christianity Rational religion Official State Church
Clockmaker God
Less mysticism
Official State Church
Growing tolerance for different denominations

9. Economics Mercantilism gives way to Laissez Faire Economics
What is mercantilism?
What is laissez faire economics or economic liberalism?

10. Economics Economic Liberalism: Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations, 1776
Freedom to pursue self interest
no government interference
free trade
invisible hand
laws of supply and demand

11. Economics Economic Liberalism
Reflects interests of Upper Middle Class Businessmen
vs. nobility, monarchy of mercantilism
vs. the interests of workers

12. Economics What was the most common job?
Agriculture still dominates the economy
Industrialization
Beginnings in Great Britain in late 1700s
More later on Industrial Revolution

13. Society Predominantly rural Some serfdom still (Russia) Poverty
small landholdings
subsistence farming
low tech
subject to bad harvests

14. Society
What was the staple food of the rural poor?

15. Society Other Problems:
Population growth: more competition for employment, food
Agriculture changes: pushes small farmers out

16. Society Other classes: Wealthy nobility and Upper Middle Class
large land owners
first industrialists (business owners)
small class, but growing
Tradesmen and Women: lower middle class
Emerging working class

17. Coming Up Population Growth: when where why problems:
Irish Potato famine
Thomas Malthus on population growth

18. Society Education mainly available to wealthy middle class
still widespread illiteracy
Political involvement:
mostly limited to wealthy, educated

19. Coming Up Industrial Revolution where why how what industries
impact on common people

20. The End