1. Material Properties – Paper & Boards
LESSON 4/5
Material Properties – Paper & Boards
Within this lesson you will cover:
Develop an understanding of different finishes which can be applied to both paper and board to enhance their appearance and/or improve function.
Understand the MAIN properties and uses of paper and boards.

2. Which would be most suitable for making a model of a building and why?
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
DO NOW ACTIVITY
Which would be most suitable for making a model of a building and why?
Because…
Therefore…
As a result of…
Due to…
Excellence: Why might architects prefer this material over the others?

3. Which would be most suitable for making a model of a building and why?
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
DO NOW ACTIVITY
Which would be most suitable for making a model of a building and why?
Because…
Therefore…
As a result of…
Due to…
Excellence: Why might architects prefer this material over the others?

4. Papers Properties & Uses
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Papers Properties & Uses
Most important properties for papers are:
BRIGHTNESS (degree to which they reflect light)
COLOUR
OPACITY
GLOSS
To do this a finish needs to be applied to the paper and board material.

5. Strength & Durability Strength of paper is determined by:
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Strength & Durability
Strength of paper is determined by:
Strength of individual fibres
Average length of fibre
Strength of bonds between fibres
Structure of the paper
Strength rapidly decreases with the increase of moisture- which breaks down the inter-fibre bonding.

6. Tensile Strength Bending strength Porosity PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Tensile Strength
Most papers require a certain minimum strength to withstand the production process: including printing, embossing and folding, as well as handling.
Bending strength
The thinner the sheet, the more flexible and light it is; conversely the thicker and heavier the paper is, the more stiff it is.
Porosity
Is reduced with the addition of size to the paper. Greaseproof paper is made by beating the paper, resulting in a dense sheet with very little porosity.

7. Finishing Finishing can be: PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Finishing
Finishing refers to all the activities that are performed on printed material after printing. This includes binding, the fastening of individual sheets together, and decorative processes such as die-stamping, embossing or laminating.
Finishing can be:
An in-line process – which means that units attached to the end of the printing press perform the finishing operations. This is typically the case with web presses as well as many digital presses.
An off-line process – which means that printing and finishing are completely separate processes.

8. Laminating PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Lamination is a thin POLYPROPYLENE FILM applied to the surface of the paper after printing via a roller. It provides the ultimate in protection & is available in both gloss and matte.
The sheen & texture of lamination is much more pronounced than varnish, and gloss lamination is very shiny, while matte lamination is very smooth.
Perfect bound and case bound books should always use a lamination for their covers to prevent any damage to the printed surface during the binding process.
Laminating
Typical Applications
Food & drink packaging
Consumer goods packaging
Industrial packaging
Retail ready packaging

9. Varnishing PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Varnishing
Varnish is a liquid finish applied via the printing press to seal in and protect the ink on the printed surface.
It is available in gloss, matte, and UV, and is usually matched to the coating of the underlying paper.
Varnish makes sense as a cover finish for saddle stitched products like comic books and magazines.
Note: UV Varnish is very fragile when used as a cover finish, and can crack easily. For a high-gloss shine we recommend gloss lamination.

10. Spot varnishing PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Spot varnishing
Spot varnish is a clear overprint varnish applied only to specific areas of a printed piece. It is often used to make a photograph pop off the page, highlight drop caps or create texture & subtle images on the page. 
Spot varnish requires a plate for the press, just like the ones made for the ink colours.
It also is used with spot ultra-violet (UV) coatings and spot aqueous (AQ) finishes.

11. Foil blocking PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Foil blocking
Foil blocking is a commercial print process using pigment or metallic foil to paper where a heated die (engraved metal piece) is stamped onto the foil, making it adhere to the surface & leaving the design of the die on the paper. The foil is often gold or silver, but can also be various patterns or what is known as pastel foil, which is a flat opaque colour.
From the finalised design, metal dies are created in the appropriate shape for each colour foil to be applied. The dies are heated and then stamped with enough pressure to seal a thin layer of foil to the paper.

12. Embossing PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Embossing uses a die (personalized metal plate) to slightly raise images off the paper of your print piece. It creates a 3D effect that brings emphasis to whatever area you’re having embossed.
You can emboss a range of products like business cards, greeting cards & invitations.
Embossing is made using two dies, a “front” & a “back” that sandwich the paper and create the 3D effect. The most effective embossed pieces use a detailed die & heavier paper stock to highlight the depth & detail of the embossed graphics or images.
Embossing

13. Debossing PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different finishes which can be applied to paper & boards to improve them.
PAPER/BOARD FINISHES
Debossing
Debossing is the opposite of embossing. Debossing is when an image (logo, text, etc.) is imprinted into your print piece, creating a depressed effect. Just like embossing, you can choose to leave the debossed area untouched or fill it in with ink or foil stamping.
Unlike embossing, debossing doesn’t interfere with the back of your print piece, giving you both sides to work with. It can be used on its own, or in conjunction with embossing.
Embossing or debossing create the kind of printed pieces that stand out where others fall flat.

14. Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different printing methods which can be applied to both paper & boards
PRINTING FINISHES
Process
Advantages
Process Description
Applications
Laminating
Varnishing
Spot varnishing
Foil blocking
Embossing
Debossing
Using the knowledge you have learnt during todays lesson complete the table worksheet.

15. Paper & Board Finishes Processes.
Advantages
Process Description
Applications
Laminating
Varnishing
Spot varnishing
Foil blocking
Embossing
Debossing
Worksheet to print for students

16. Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different printing methods which can be applied to both paper & boards
HOMEWORK QUESTIONS
Using the information learnt from todays lesson complete these exam style questions.

17. What could this be made from? (1 mark)
Give two standard forms of this material. (2 marks)
Why are materials sold in stock forms? (3 marks)
Name a suitable material for the card. (1 mark)
What is the source of the material & is it renewable? (2 marks)
Give two properties of that material. (2 marks)
HOMEWORK SHEET TO PRINT

18. What could this be made from? (1 mark)
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different printing methods which can be applied to both paper & boards
HOMEWORK ANSWERS
What could this be made from? (1 mark)
Give two standard forms of this material. (2 marks)
Why are materials sold in stock forms? (3 marks)
Card, Duplex Board (1 mark)
Weight, colour, size, thickness (2 marks)
Enable costing, transportation, manageable, ready for manufacture, wastage, standard forms driven by consumer demand (4 marks)

19. Name a suitable material for the card. (1 mark)
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of different printing methods which can be applied to both paper & boards
HOMEWORK ANSWERS
Name a suitable material for the card. (1 mark)
What is the source of the material and is it renewable? (2 marks)
Give two properties of that material. (2 marks)
Card (1 mark)
Trees and plants – renewable (2 marks)
Lightweight, can be printed on, can be folded easily. (2 marks)