1. The Atom
What is an atom? Ted Ed: How small is an atom?
Ted Ed invisible video
How small is an atom
What is an atom? Monkey see

2. What is an atom?
The atom the smallest particle of an element that has the same the properties of the element

3. Parts of the Atom
All atoms are made up of three smaller particles called subatomic particles:
electrons
neutrons
protons  

4. Some have a charge Atoms are neutral:
number of protons = the number of electrons.
e.g. 5 + and 5 – makes 0 charge

5. Each has their own Mass
protons and neutrons have much more mass than electrons (about 1800 times more!) 

6. In the Nucleus
Protons and neutrons are found together in the centre of the atom called the nucleus.
The nucleus is a very small part of an atom and has a positive charge because of the protons.

7. Electrons
Electrons circle the nucleus in special pathways called energy levels or shells.
This region is big (it takes up 99.99% of the atom).
An electron is like a spread-out negative charge that exists in the whole region at once- it is not a fast- moving particle racing around the nucleus.
An electron is like a spread-out negative charge that exists in the whole region at once- it is not a fast-moving particle racing around the nucleus.

8. Electrons and Quantum Physics… Everywhere and Nowhere at the Same Time

9. Check your Understanding
What are the three subatomic particles?
Compare and contrast the electron and proton

11. Elemental Symbol

12. ELEMENTS
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler.
Make up the Periodic Table of Elements
Example: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Gold Silver

13. Atomic Number = Number of Protons

14. Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons

15. Atoms are Neutrons Positive charges equal Negative charges
Protons = Electrons

16. Modelling Atoms: Bohr Model
A Bohr Model is a simplified diagram of the number of ELECTRONS in each of the ENERGY LEVEL (shells) around the nucleus of an atom.
Each shell can only hold a certain number of electrons.
After each shell is filled, electrons begin to fill the next.
First shell can only hold a maximum of 2.
2nd shell = 8, 3rd shell = 8, th = 18.
The outermost shell is called the VALENCE SHELL

17. Draw a Bohr Diagram of Nitrogen

18. Draw a Bohr Diagram of Nitrogen

19. Draw a Bohr Diagram of Phosphorous

20. Bohr Model of Phosphorous:

21. What element is this?
18 p
22 n
Argon

22. What element is this?
18 p
22 n
If you know the number of protons, you know it’s atomic number.
Or count the electrons…
Argon

23. What element is this?
18 p
22 n
It has = 18 electrons, and therefore 18 protons.
The element with atomic number of 18 is Argon.
Argon

24. Patterns of Electron Arrangement in the Periodic Table
What relationship can you find between number of OCCUPIED SHELLS and the ROW that it is found on the periodic table?

25. What patterns do you notice?

26. Patterns of Electron Arrangement in the Periodic Table
What relationship can you find between number of OCCUPIED SHELLS and the ROW that it is found on the periodic table?
ROW = # of OCCUPIED SHELLS

27. Patterns of Electron Arrangement in the Periodic Table
Look at Group 1.
What relationship can you find between number of VALENCE ELECTRONS and the COLUMN that it is found on the periodic table?

28. What patterns do you notice?

29. Patterns of Electron Arrangement in the Periodic Table
GROUP/COLUMN # = #VALENCE ELECTRONS

30. Group number determines the number of valence electrons

31. Group number determines the number of valence electrons

32. Atomic Theory Continues to Develop
According to Dalton’s theory, atoms were indivisible and indestructible. Then Thomson discovered the electron and Rutherford discovered the nucleus, which was later found to be made up of neutrons and protons. The atom was not indivisible at all: it was made up of even smaller particles –subatomic particles. Discoveries that some of these subatomic particles were made up of still smaller particles.

33. PARTICLES WITHIN THE ATOM
Atoms contain COMPOSITE particles and ELEMENTARY particles
A COMPOSITE PARTICLE is a subatomic particle that is composed of TWO OR MORE ELEMENTARY particles.
The PROTONS and NEUTRONS are composite particles.
ELECTRONS orbiting the nucleus are NOT composite particles.

34. Protons and Neutrons are made up of QUARKS and GLUONS
Protons and neutrons are composite particles

35. QUARKS are ELEMENTARY particles,
Elementary particles CANNOT be split apart into smaller particles
There are 6 difference types of quarks classified by their properties: mass, electric charge, etc
Atomic Theory Continues to Develop:
According to Dalton’s theory, atoms were indivisible and indestructible. Then Thomson discovered the electron and Rutherford discovered the nucleus, which was later found to be made up of neutrons and protons. The atom was not indivisible at all: it was made up of even smaller particles –subatomic particles. Discoveries that some of these subatomic particles were made up of still smaller particles.
There are six quarks, but physicists usually talk about them in terms of three pairs: up/down, charm/strange, and top/bottom. (Also, for each of these quarks, there is a corresponding antiquark.)
Quarks have the unusual characteristic of having a fractional electric charge, unlike the proton and electron, which have integer charges of +1 and -1 respectively. Quarks also carry another type of charge called color charge, which we will discuss later.
The most elusive quark, the top quark, was discovered in 1995 after its existence had been theorized for 20 years.

36. Gluons GLUONS are ELEMENTARY particles
they “GLUE" quarks together, forming protons and neutrons

37. Leptons
Leptons are ELEMENTARY particles that appear to be point-like particles without internal structure.
Six types of leptons:
3 have electrical charge (electron-like)
3 have no charge (muons and neutrinos).
ELECTRONS are a type of lepton
Unlike protons and neutrons, electrons are themselves elementary particles.
Nuclei are made up of protons and neutrons. In turn, protons and neutrons are made up of point-like particles called the "up" and "down" quarks. As far as we know electrons are elementary particles; that is, they appear to be point-like particles without internal structure
The key difference between quarks and leptons is that quarks experience the strong force while leptons do not

38. Research Continues
TRIUMF cyclotron at UBC was built to research the PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP MATTER.
Electromagnets in the cyclotron accelerate PROTONS to extraordinary speeds.
Resulting proton beam is allowed to collide with various material, and specialized detectors provide data about the products of the collisions.
world's largest cyclotron particle accelerator

39. Ted Ed video: atom smasher

40. Build your own atom