2. Matthew Friedman, Ames C. Grawert, and James Cullen. 2017
Matthew Friedman, Ames C. Grawert, and James Cullen Crime Trends: New York: Brennan Center for Justice

3. Matthew Friedman, Ames C. Grawert, and James Cullen. 2017
Matthew Friedman, Ames C. Grawert, and James Cullen Crime Trends: New York: Brennan Center for Justice

7. TRENDS
Crime is DOWN
Incarceration is UP
Racial disparities are BIG

8. Why is Incarceration Up Did one cause the other?
DISCUSSION
Why is Crime Down?
Why is Incarceration Up
Did one cause the other?
POSSIBLE IDEAS:
Economic growth … but why no spike during the recession? And besides, growth is unequal
Decline in alcohol consumption? Maybe, but we drink about as much booze as other countries but have way higher crime rates
Maybe mass incarceration lowered rates? Evidence says effect is modest
Maybe better and more police? Again, evidence is weak
More guns? Evidence mixed
Psychiatric pills
Roe v Wade? Timing is off, and trend is observed in other countries
Lead (in gas, esp)

10. Percentage of K-12 Students in a Physical Fight at School in the Past 12 Months, 1991-2017
Black
White
Latino
Asian
SOURCE: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

11. Percentage of K-12 Students Bringing Weapon to School
In the Past 30 Days,
Black
Latino
White
Asian
SOURCE: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

13. There are 365 x 24 = 8,760 hours in a year.
Kids spend 180 x 6.5 = 1,170 hours at school in a year.
Thus kids spend 1,170/8,760 = 13.3% of a year at school.
But only 2.6% of youth homicides happen at school.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Violence: Facts at a Glance.

14. Percentage of K-12 Students Receiving Out-of-School Suspension, by Race, 2000-01 & 2013-14
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, U.S. Department of Education

15. Percentage of K-12 Students Expelled from School,
by Race, &
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, U.S. Department of Education

16. Percentage of K-12 Students Receiving Corporal Punishment, by Race, 2000-01 & 2013-14
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, U.S. Department of Education

17. Percentage of K-12 Students Receiving Out-of-School Suspension, by State, 2013-14
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, U.S. Department of Education

18. Percentage of K-12 Students Expelled from School,
by State,
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, U.S. Department of Education

19. Percentage of K-12 Students Subjected to Corporal Punishment, by State, 2013-14
None
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, U.S. Department of Education

20. Percentage of Schools with Any Security Staff,
by Location of School
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2005–06, 2009–10, and 2015–16 School Survey on Crime and
Safety (SSOCS), 2006, 2010, and 2016.

21. Percentage of Schools with Any Security Staff,
by Size of School
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2005–06, 2009–10, and 2015–16 School Survey on Crime and
Safety (SSOCS), 2006, 2010, and 2016.

22. Percentage of Schools with Any Security Staff,
by Poverty Rate of School
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2005–06, 2009–10, and 2015–16 School Survey on Crime and
Safety (SSOCS), 2006, 2010, and 2016.

23. Percentage of Schools with Any Security Staff,
by Racial/Ethnic Composition of School
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2005–06, 2009–10, and 2015–16 School Survey on Crime and
Safety (SSOCS), 2006, 2010, and 2016.

24. TRENDS
School violence is DOWN
Punishment is NOT DOWN
Racial disparities are BIG

25. Why is School Violence Down? Why Has Punishment Stayed the Same?
DISCUSSION
Why is School Violence Down?
Why Has Punishment Stayed the Same?
Did one cause the other?
POSSIBLE IDEAS:
Focus on zero tolerance policies, reactions to them
See both readings for today

26. DISCUSSION Why are there racial disparities?

27. Mini-Lesson on Statistical Control

28. Mean Height, by Weather People Have Recently Watched
Pornographic Movies,
Yes, Watched Porn
No, No Porn
Total
Source: U.S. General Social Surveys

29. Mean Height, by Weather People Have Recently Watched
Pornographic Movies,
Yes, Watched Porn
No, No Porn
Total
Men
Women
Source: U.S. General Social Surveys

30. High School Dropout Rate, by Race, 1972-2016
WHITE
BLACK
Total
Source: U.S. General Social Surveys

31. High School Dropout Rate, Mother’s Education,
and Family Income, by Race,
WHITE
BLACK
Total
Mom:
H.S. Dropout
Family Income:
Below Average
Source: U.S. General Social Surveys

32. High School Dropout Rate, by Race, Mother’s Education,
and Family Income,
WHITE
BLACK
Total
Mom:
H.S. Dropout,
Low Income
Mom:
H.S. Grad.,
Mid Income
Mom:
College Grad.,
High Income
Source: U.S. General Social Surveys

33. High School Dropout Rate, by Race, Mother’s Education,
and Family Income,
WHITE
BLACK
Total
Mom:
H.S. Dropout,
Low Income
Mom:
H.S. Grad.,
Mid Income
Mom:
College Grad.,
High Income
Source: U.S. General Social Surveys

34. High School Dropout Rate, by Race, Mother’s Education,
and Family Income,
WHITE
BLACK
Total
Mom:
H.S. Dropout,
Low Income
Mom:
H.S. Grad.,
Mid Income
Mom:
College Grad.,
High Income
Source: U.S. General Social Surveys

35. DISCUSSION Blacks are more likely than whites to drop out of high school Most of that relationship is due to family social and economic circumstances Interpret

36. What Does This Have to Do with School Discipline and Punishment?

37. 45 elementary schools
Behavior does not explain race gap in punishment

38. ECLS-K
All of gap explained by prior problem behavior
WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

39. Data on all students/schools in “a large midwestern state”
multilevel examination of the relative contributions of infraction, student, and school characteristics to rates of and racial disparities in out-of-school suspension and expulsion
Type of infraction; race, gender, and to a certain extent socioeconomic status at the individual level; and, at the school level, mean school achievement, percentage Black enrollment, and principal perspectives all contributed to the probability of out-of-school suspension or expulsion
For racial disparities, however, school-level variables, including principal perspectives on discipline, appear to be among the strongest predictors