1. Skeletal System
Chapter 6

2. Functions of the Skeletal System
Protect internal organs
Assist in all stages of respiration
Store and release calcium
Assist the lymphatic system and immunity
Assist in digestion
Necessary to locomotion

3. Functions of the Skeleton
Support the body
Protects the soft body parts
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals and fat
Along with muscles permits flexible body movement

4. Anatomy of a Long Bone Bones are classified by shape: Long Short Flat
Wide
Round

5. Anatomy of a Long Bone
Periosteum: tough, fibrous connective tissue covering
Contains blood vessels

6. Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphysis Diaphysis
Expanded portion at both end of a bone
Diaphysis
The portion between the epiphysis

7. Anatomy of a Long Bone Medullary cavity Articular cartilage
Contains yellow marrow
Made of large amounts of fat
Articular cartilage
Outer layer of cartilage at the end of the bone
Articulation
Joining together of bones at joints

8. Anatomy of a Long Bone Compact Bone Dense bone Contains osteons
Lacunae- chambers that hold osteocytes
Lamellae-layers of matrix
Collagen, protein and mineral deposits
Central canal- blood vessels and nerves

9. Anatomy of a Long Bone Spongy Bone Contains bony bars and plates
Lighter
Produces red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis- red blood cell formation in adults
Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and ends of long bones

10. Bone Growth and Repair Osteoprogenitor cells
Unspecialized cells of compact bone

11. Bone Growth and Repair
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells

12. Bone Growth and Repair
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells from osteoblasts

13. Bone Growth and Repair Osteoclasts Derived from white blood cells
–Break down minerals assist in depositing calcium in the blood
–Performs bone resorption

14. Bone Growth and Repair
Ossification: formation of bone

15. Bone Development and Growth
Bones form during embryonic development by
1. Intramembranous ossification
Between connective tissue cells become osteoblast, then osteocytes

16. Bone Development and Growth
Bones form during embryonic development by
2. Endochondral ossification
Hyaline cartilage breaks down and is invaded by osteoblasts forming spongy bone and some becomes compact bone
Spongy bone of diaphysis is broken down by osteoclast becoming medullary cavity

17. Bone Development and Growth
Bones form during embryonic development by
3. After birth, epiphysis continues to grow
Epiphyseal plate remain

18. Bone Development and Growth
Remodeling of bones
Osteoclast break down old bone and redeposit minerals, osteoblasts begin to repair bone

19. Bone Development and Growth
Fractures:
Complete: Bone is broken clear through
Incomplete: Bone is not broken clear through
Simple: Does not pierce the skin
Compound: Does pierce the skin
Impacted: Ends are wedged into each other
Spiral: Ragged edges due to twisting

20. Bone Development and Growth
Terms:
Foramen: rounded opening
Fossa: flattened surface
Meatus: tubelike passage
Sinus: cavity in bone

21. Axial Skeleton
Frontal: Forehead

22. Axial Skeleton
Parietal: forms sides

23. Axial Skeleton
Occipital: Base

24. Axial Skeleton
Temporal: sides and base

25. Axial Skeleton
Sphenoid: Holds together other cranial bones

26. Axial Skeleton
Ethmoid: Floor of cranium

27. Axial Skeleton
Maxillae: Upper jaw

28. Axial Skeleton
Palatine: Floor and wall of nasal cavity

29. Axial Skeleton
Zygomatic: Cheekbone

30. Axial Skeleton
Lacrimal: Pathway for tears

31. Axial Skeleton
Nasal: Bridge of the nose

32. Axial Skeleton
Vomer: Nasal septum

33. Axial Skeleton
Mandible: Lower jaw

34. Axial Skeleton Intervertebral Disks
Prevent the vertebrae from grinding against one another
Absorb shock caused by movement
Herniated disk: Ruptured disk

35. Axial Skeleton Vertebral column Cervical = 7 vertebrae
Thoracic = 12 vertebrae
Lumbar = 5 vertebrae
Sacral = 5 vertebrae
Coccygeal = 3-5 fused vertebrae

36. Axial Skeleton Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curvature
Kyphosis: “hunchback” Roundness of thoracic region
Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral curvature

37. Axial Skeleton
Vertebrae
Body is anterior
Arch is posterior

38. Axial Skeleton Atlas- supports and balances the head
Axis- moves head from side to side

39. Axial Skeleton
Sacrum- 5 vertebrae fused together
Coccyx- tailbone

40. Axial Skeleton Rib cage: protects heart and lung
Flexible to swing in and out with respirations

41. Axial Skeleton Ribs 7 pair of true ribs, connected directly to sternum
3 pair of false ribs, attached to sternum by cartilage
2 pair of floating ribs, not attached to sternum

42. Axial Skeleton
Ribs

43. Axial Skeleton
Sternum: breastbone
Flat
3 bones fused together

44. Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle
4 bones
2 Clavicles: slender and S-shaped,
2 Scapulae: shoulder blades

45. Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle

46. Appendicular Skeleton
Upper limbs
Humerus: long bone of upper arm
Radius: Lateral side of the forearm
Ulna: pinky side of your forearm
Eight small carpal bones makes up the wrist
5 metacarpal make up the hand
Phalanges
2 for thumb, 3 for other fingers

47. Appendicular Skeleton
Upper limbs

48. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle
Two coxal bones, sacrum and coccyx
Ilium: Largest pelvic bone with crest
Ischium: Posterior portion
Pubis: Anterior portion

49. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle

50. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle Sex Differences
Female more flattened
Female wider
Female cavity shallower
Female bones lighter and thinner

51. Appendicular Skeleton
Lower Limb
Femur: thighbone, longest and strongest bone of the body
Tibia: shinbone, thicker and bears more weight
Fibula: slender lower leg bone
Ankle: seven tarsal bones
Instep: five metatarsal bones
Phalanges: toes

52. Appendicular Skeleton
Lower Limb

53. Joints (Articulations)
Fibrous joints:
Immovable
Joins bone to bone
Thin layer of tissue
Mainly found in cranium

54. Joints (Articulations)
Fibrous joints:
Coronal suture: parietal and frontal
Lambdoidal suture: parietal and occipital
Squamosal suture: parietal and temporal
Sagittal suture: parietal bones

55. Joints (Articulations)
Cartilaginous Joints
Slightly movable
Bones are joined by fibrocartilage
Examples : Sternum and Intervertebral disks

56. Joints (Articulations)
Synovial Joints
Freely movable
Bones separated by joint cavity
Menisci: crest shaped piece of cartilage
Bursae: fluid filled sacs

57. Joints (Articulations)
Synovial Joints
Saddle joint: between carpals and metacarpals

58. Joints (Articulations)
Synovial Joints
Ball and socket: shoulder or hip joints

59. Joints (Articulations)
Ball and socket joints

60. Joints (Articulations)
Synovial Joints
Pivot : radius and ulna

61. Joints (Articulations)
Pivot joints

62. Joints (Articulations)
Synovial Joints
Hinge joint: knee or elbow

63. Joints (Articulations)
Hinge Joints

64. Joints (Articulations)
Synovial Joints
Gliding: Bones of ankles

65. Joints (Articulations)
Gliding joints:

66. Joints (Articulations)
Synovial Joints
Condyloid: Joints between metacarpals and phalanges

67. Joints (Articulations)
Condyloid joint

68. Joints (Articulations)
Flexion

69. Joints (Articulations)
Adduction and Abduction

70. Joints (Articulations)
Circumduction

71. Joints (Articulations)
Supination and Pronation