1. China

2. Early History Settled society for more than 4,000 years.
Ruled by dynasty families
Most famous was the Qing Dynasty of Manchu invaders from
End of dynasties occurred in 1911.

5. China and the World
1200s travelers came to China including Marco Polo.
1800s Europeans wanted access to Chinese markets.
1st and 2nd Opium Wars
China was carved up into spheres of influence where Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan controlled portions of China.

8. Anger of the Chinese toward European exploitation.
1900 resulted in the Boxer Rebellion where Chinese militants attacked and killed Europeans and Christians.
1912 the Chinese Nationalist Party was created and united the country in the 1920s.
Japanese occupation during WWII resulted in 14 million deaths.

10. Communist Party became powerful in the 1920-1930s and fought with the Nationalists.
1949, the Communist, under leader Mao Zedong, defeated the Nationalists for control.
Communists controlled The People’s Republic of China, and the Nationalist party members fled to Taiwan.
Mao controlled until 1976 when he died.

12. Economies
Communist Party wanted to modernize China through controlled industry or command economy. Not successful.
Great Leap Forward starved million people.
1980s have allowed individual people to run businesses, bringing fastest economic success in the world.
Rural agriculture continues to be the largest economic area. 60% of people work on farms.

13. Majority of population are in the east where agriculture is strongest.
Industrial China in the northeast produces coal, iron ore, and oil.
Shanghai leads China; is major industrial and manufacturing city.

14. Trade + Port = important city

15. Culture World’s oldest civilization rich in culture.
Highly developed art, architecture, literature, painting, music, and theatre.
Chinese inventions include papers, gunpowder, the printing press, silk, cotton, porcelain and the compass.

16. Confucianism Major Chinese philosophy is Confucianism.
Confucius was a philosopher in the 500s BC who believed in an orderly society.
Relationships should be obeyed by:
Son to Father
People to Emperor
Younger brother to older brother

18. Confucian hierarchy (levels in society) consisted of:
Intellectuals
Peasants
Craftsmen
Merchants
Key factors included:
Ethical conduct
Emphasis on education
Li  moral obligations to hierarchy and relationships

19. Taoism Belief in harmony of the individual and universe.
Central concept was the Tao (the way)  people should function on a cosmic level.
Government should leave people alone.
People should seek harmony with nature.

21. Social Change
Starting in the 1980s there was a loosening of Communist Party regulations.
Private housing allowed, choice of jobs, life more free and enjoyable.
Clothing not limited to Chinese.
Open to world market and globalization.
Western lifestyle became “middle class.”
Life in rural areas remained unchanged.

22. Pushed Globalization
Mixing and interaction among the people, companies, and governments of different nations
Effects on environment, culture, political systems, economic development, trade, investments, industry, technology, human rights, education, health, prosperity, and more

23. Population 1 out of every 5 people in the world live in China.
1.6 billion people
controlled with a one-child policy and marriage restrictions on age. (22 for men, 20 for women)
Health care includes both modern and ancient practices like herbs and acupuncture and the belief in “Qi.”

24. Tiananmen Square 1989
On May 13, 1989, several students began a hunger strike at Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
Demands of the students included more democracy, less corruption, and accurate press coverage.
On May 20, the government declared martial law in Beijing, but the army's advance towards the city was blocked by large numbers of students and citizens.

25. On June 3, 1989, troops received orders to reclaim Tiananmen Square at all costs.
What is known is that soldiers opened fire that night on people trying to block the army's advance as well as those who were simply shouting at the troops.
Due to a lack of witnesses, the exact number of people killed in this so-called "Tiananmen Square Massacre" is not known.
Amnesty International said about 1,000 dead and up to 10,000 injured.

27. Objective wrap-up
Cultural hearth of major world inventions and philosophies.
European imperialism turned China to become isolationists through Communism.
Economic and social decline from Communism control turned China toward a free-market and globalized economy.
Communist China dominates the globalized market with continued internal opression.