1. Journal 10/10/12 Chapter 4 Explain what geologic processes are
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Journal 10/10/12
Explain what geologic processes are

2. Journal 10/15/12 Chapter 4 How does igneous rock form?
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Journal 10/15/12
How does igneous rock form?

3. Educreations assignment
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Educreations assignment
This weekend you will tell me the story of Roger the Rock. Tell me all about his life and his adventures through the rock cycle. Remember to make the story creative and interesting but also to add a lot of information about how rocks change as they move through the rock cycle. You will be doing your story on educreations so make sure your slides are ready to go when you begin recording your voice.

4. Chapter 4: Rocks

5. Chapter 4 Table of Contents Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock

6. Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Bellringer
Most of us try to recycle the items we use in our daily lives to minimize the pollution we cause. In a way, the Earth also recycles through the rock cycle.
How can a rock be recycled? How long would recycling a rock take? What would a rock look like before, during, and after the process of recycling?
Record your thoughts about these questions in your science journal.

7. Objectives Chapter 4 Describe two ways rocks have been used by humans.
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Objectives
Describe two ways rocks have been used by humans.
Describe four processes that shape Earth’s features.
Describe how each type of rock changes into another type as it moves through the rock cycle.
List two characteristics of rock that are used to help classify it.

8. Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
The Rock Cycle
A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter.
Rocks recycle themselves.
This is a constant process
The series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes is called the rock cycle.

9. Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle

10. The Value of Rock Chapter 4 Very important natural resource
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
The Value of Rock
Very important natural resource
How did ancient civilizations use rock?
How do we use rock today?
Ancient and modern civilizations have used granite, limestone, marble sandstone, slate and other rocks as construction materials. Rock is also an important ingredient in concrete and plaster, both of which are commonly used in construction.

11. Ancient Civilizations
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Ancient Civilizations
Sculptures
The Parthenon in Greece
Ancient and modern civilizations have used granite, limestone, marble sandstone, slate and other rocks as construction materials. Rock is also an important ingredient in concrete and plaster, both of which are commonly used in construction.
Roman Aqueducts

12. Ancient Civilizations
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Ancient Civilizations
Countertops
Bricks
Ancient and modern civilizations have used granite, limestone, marble sandstone, slate and other rocks as construction materials. Rock is also an important ingredient in concrete and plaster, both of which are commonly used in construction.
Concrete

13. Processes That Shape the Earth
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Processes That Shape the Earth
Q: What makes and destroys rocks?
A: Geological processes make and destroy rock.
These processes shape our planet.
They also influence the type of rock that is found in certain areas.
Resources

14. Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
The process in which water, wind, ice, and heat break down rock is called weathering.
Breaks rocks into tiny pieces called sediments. Sediments form together to make sedimentary rock.
Takes place at the surface.
So, where do you think most sedimentary rocks are found?

15. Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another is called erosion.
The process in which sediment moved by erosion is dropped or deposited (comes to rest) is called deposition.

16. Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Erosion

17. Chapter 4 Heat and Pressure High heat Crystals break down
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Heat and Pressure
High heat
Crystals break down
New “heat loving” crystals form
New Rock!
Crazy high heat!!!
Rock melts into magma
Magma rises
Magma cools
Eventually it solidifies

18. Chapter 4 Heat and Pressure High pressure
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Heat and Pressure
High pressure
Sediments closer to the surface, layer on top of one another.
Pressure causes them to “cement” together.
Higher pressure
Crystals stretch and become deformed
New crystals can form
New Rock!
Sudden decrease in pressure
Rock melts into magma

19. How the Rock Cycle Continues
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
How the Rock Cycle Continues
Buried rock is exposed at the Earth’s surface by a combination of uplift and erosion.
Uplift is movement within the Earth that brings rocks inside toward the surface.
When uplifted rock reaches the Earth’s surface, weathering, erosion, and deposition begin.

20. Round and Round It Goes Chapter 4 Continual process
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Round and Round It Goes
Continual process
New rock forming from old rock
Millions to tens of millions of years
No specific order:
Igneous – Sedimentary – Metamorphic
Sedimentary – Metamorphic – Sedimentary
Metamorphic – Igneous – Sedimentary
Etc…

21. Rock Cycle Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

22. Rock Classification Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Rock Classification
Rock can be three main classes based on how the rock is formed:
Igneous rock
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock

23. Types of Rock Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

24. Rock Classification, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Rock Classification, continued
Each class of rock can be divided further, based on differences in the ways rocks form.
Scientists study rocks in detail using two important criteria: composition and texture.

25. Rock Classification, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Rock Classification, continued
Composition is the chemical makeup of a rock.
The minerals that make up the rock.
Texture is the size, shape, and position of the rock’s grains.

26. Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Fine Grained Texture

27. Coarse Grained Texture
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Coarse Grained Texture

28. Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Bellringer
Do you think rocks that cooled and solidified from lava on the Earth’s surface would look different from those that cooled and solidified from magma inside the Earth? Why?
Record your response in your science journal.

29. Objectives Chapter 4 Describe three ways that igneous rock forms.
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Objectives
Describe three ways that igneous rock forms.
Explain how the cooling rate of magma affects the texture of igneous rock.
Distinguish between igneous rock that cools within the Earth’s crust and igneous rock that cools at the Earth’s surface.

30. Origins of Igneous Rock
Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Origins of Igneous Rock
Forms when rock melts then cools and solidifies.
There are three ways magma can form:
When rock is heated
When pressure is released
When rock changes composition
Temperature: A rise in temperature can cause the minerals in a rock to melt. Different melting points cause some minerals to melt while others remain solid.
Composition: When fluids such as water combine with rock, the composition of the rock changes, which lowers the melting point of the rock enough to melt it.
Pressure: The high pressure deep inside the Earth forces minerals to remain solid. When hot rock rises to shallow depths, the pressure in the rock is released, and the minerals can melt.

31. Composition and Texture of Igneous Rock
Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Composition and Texture of Igneous Rock
Felsic - Light colored igneous rocks.
Rich in the elements aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium.
Mafic - Dark colored igneous rocks.
Rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium.

32. Igneous Rock Formations
Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Igneous Rock Formations
Intrusive igneous rock – Forms inside the Earth
Rising magma pushes its way (intrudes) into existing rock layers, cools, and hardens.
Cools very slowly
Crystals have a long time to grow
Large crystals (coarse grain).

33. Igneous Rock Formations
Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Igneous Rock Formations

34. Igneous Rock Formations, continued
Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Igneous Rock Formations, continued
Extrusive igneous rock - Forms on Earth’s surface.
Rising magma pushes its way to the surface and spills out onto the ground (extrudes).
Cools very rapidly
Crystals don’t have much time to form
Small crystals (fine grain)
Where could you find lots of extrusive igneous rock?

35. Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Bellringer
Tree rings are formed each year of a tree’s life cycle. Tree rings exist because the weather changes of the seasons are reflected in the tree’s bark as the tree grows.
How are layers in sedimentary rock alike or different from rings in a tree? What can geologists infer from examining sedimentary rock layers?
Record your response in your science journal.

36. Objectives Chapter 4 Describe the origin of sedimentary rock.
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Objectives
Describe the origin of sedimentary rock.
Describe the three main categories of sedimentary rock.
Describe three types of sedimentary structure.

37. Origins of Sedimentary Rock
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Origins of Sedimentary Rock
Weathering makes sediments.
What causes weathering?
Erosion moves sediments from one place to another.
What causes erosion?
The sediment is brought together to the lowest point and deposited (deposition) in layers.
Over time layers build up.

38. Sedimentary Rock Cycle
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary Rock Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

39. Origins of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Origins of Sedimentary Rock, continued
The most noticeable feature of sedimentary rock is its layers, or strata.
A single, horizontal layer of rock is sometimes visible for many miles.

40. Composition of Sedimentary Rock
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Composition of Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rock is classified by the way it forms.
Clastic sedimentary rock - sediments are cemented together by pressure and a mineral such as calcite or quartz.
coarse-grained, medium-grained, or fine-grained textures.

41. Chapter 4 Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Chemical sedimentary rock - forms from solutions of dissolved minerals and water.
As rainwater slowly makes its way to the ocean, it dissolves some of the minerals it passes through.
Some of this dissolved minerals eventually crystallized and form chemical sedimentary rock.
Halite (salt) is a type of chemical sedimentary rock.

42. Chapter 4 Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Organic sedimentary rock - skeletons and shells of sea animals, or swamp plants.
These remains collect on the ocean floor and eventually become cemented together.
Coal is a type of organic sedimentary rock

43. Sedimentary Rock Structures
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary Rock Structures
Stratification is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers.
Strata differ from one another depending on the kind, size, and color of their sediment.

44. Sedimentary Rock Structures, continued
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary Rock Structures, continued
Sedimentary rocks sometimes record the motion of wind and water waves on lakes, oceans, rivers, and sand dunes in features called ripple marks.
Structures called mud cracks form when fine-grained sediments at the bottom of a shallow body of water are exposed to the air and dry out.
Even raindrop impressions can be preserved in fine-grained sediments, as small pits with raised rims.

45. Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Bellringer
Write a brief description of how cookies are made. How is the mixture of raw ingredients like sedimentary rock? Do the raw ingredients of a cookie look the same after they are done baking?
Describe how cookie dough metamorphoses when it is baked in an oven.

46. Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Objectives
Describe two ways a rock can undergo metamorphism.
Explain how the mineral composition of rocks changes as the rocks undergo metamorphism.
Describe the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rock.
Explain how metamorphic rock structures are related to deformation.

47. Origins of Metamorphic Rock
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Origins of Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic rocks are rocks in which the structure, texture, or composition of the rock have changed.
Metamorphism – “change”
What animals undergo metamorphism
Occurs due to changes in heat and pressure.
Q: How would the heat and pressure on a rock change?
A: It’s environment has to change.

48. Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued
2 types of metamorphism:
Contact Metamorphism
Magma rises through the crust.
The surrounding rock comes into contact with the magma and heats up.
The minerals in the rock change.
New rock!

49. Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Regional metamorphism
Occurs in rocks buried under many other rock layers.
Can also occur when pieces of Earth’s crust collide.
In either case pressure and temperature in these rocks increase.
That increase causes the rocks to become deformed and change minerals.
New rock!

50. Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock

51. Composition of Metamorphic Rock
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Composition of Metamorphic Rock
As rocks undergo metamorphism, original minerals in a rock change into new minerals that are more stable within the new pressure and temperature conditions.
Many of these new minerals form only in metamorphic rock. These are known as index minerals, and are used to estimate the temperature, depth, and pressure at which metamorphic rocks form.

52. Texture of Metamorphic Rock
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Texture of Metamorphic Rock
All metamorphic rock has one of two textures.
Foliated Metamorphic Rock
Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock

53. Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Foliated Metamorphic Rock - Mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands.
Foliated metamorphic rock usually contains aligned grains of flat minerals, such as biotite mica or chlorite
Metamorphic rocks can become other metamorphic rocks if the environment changes again.
Gneiss

54. Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock - Mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands
Commonly made of one or only a few minerals.
During metamorphism, crystals of these minerals may change in size or the mineral may change in composition in a process called recrystallization.
Marble

55. Metamorphic Rock Structures
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic Rock Structures
Deformation is a change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it.
These forces may cause a rock to be squeezed or stretched. Folds, or bends, in metamorphic rock are structures that indicate a rock has been deformed.

56. Chapter 4
Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
sedimentary
clastic
extrusive
rocks
metamorphic
regional
igneous
intrusive

57. Chapter 4
Rocks: Mineral Mixtures

58. Chapter 4
Rocks: Mineral Mixtures

59. End of Chapter 4

60. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.