1. 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies
AP World History

2. III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
A. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning.

3. Mesopotamian Architecture
Built ziggurats out of mud bricks
Cities were organized around the ziggurat temple with an outer wall for protection
Kings began to build palaces to rival the temples

4. Mesopotamian Architecture
Rebuilt ziggurat in UR
Ordinary citizens lived in reed huts

5. Egyptian Pyramids
Built for the burial of pharaoh’s and their families and servants
Filled with goods needed by the ka in the afterlife
Used mummification to preserve the physical bodies of the dead

6. Egyptian Temples The Sphinx Karnak Temple
Historians can’t figure out how they built it so well and with such detail

7. Shang Architecture Houses were built with timber and thatch roofing
Tombs were dug in clay with walls decorated with paintings of animals and characters
Houses were laid out in rows with a palace/temple in the center

8. Indus Architecture Cities were well planned and laid out
They had organized sewage and trash systems
Used kiln-baked bricks for building
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

9. B. Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship
III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
B. Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship

10. Mesopotamian Art Little paintings exist
Sculptures and reliefs are usually of gods or goddesses, political figures, or of war

11. Egyptian Art Usually on the walls of tombs and temples
Statues are mainly of political figures

12. Shang and Bronze Used bronze mainly for ritual and war
Identified the upper class citizens
Nobles, shamans, and kings

13. Indus Valley Did not leave tombs like Mesopotamia or Egypt
Small statues of animals and people have been found

14. III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
C. Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and subsequently were diffused.

15. Mesopotamian Record Keeping
They developed a system called cuneiform
Oldest known written language

16. Egyptian Record Keeping
Hieroglyphics
Deciphered in the 1800’s after Napoleon found the Rosetta Stone
Hieratic script
Used for everyday writing

17. Shang Writing Oracle Bones
A shaman would inscribe a question, break the bones, and then interpret the breaks
Led to the Chinese writing system used today
5,000 characters developed by end of the Shang

18. Indus Writing System
Has not been deciphered

19. III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
D. States developed legal codes, including the Code of Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people.
Hammurabi’s Code Analysis Activity

20. III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
E. New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods

21. Religion in Mesopotamia
Polytheistic
3,000 gods and goddesses
Hereditary priesthood
Represent nature
Humans were created as servant to the gods
Negative environmental occurrences meant the gods were angry
Pessimistic view of life
Epic of Gilgamesh
Monotheistic
Zoroastrianism
Idea of a dualistic nature
Concept of Hell
Mainly in modern Iran
Judaism
Developed by the pastoralist Abraham
Main city was Ur

22. Religion in Egypt Polytheistic Emphasis was on the next world
Ra-Sun God
Osiris- God of the Underworld
City gods
Emphasis was on the next world
Mummification
Tombs
Book of the Dead contains major ideas of the religion
Akhenaton attempted monotheism centered around Amon-Ra, but it failed

23. Religion in Indus Valley
Unclear
Vedas are oral hymns that are written down in the next time period, but the hymns probably existed during this era

24. Religion in Shang China
Polytheistic
Ancestor worship
Belief that the ancestors were still active in this world
Honored them with shrines and offerings to appease them

25. III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
F. Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional and trans-regional, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology.

26. Trade Trade routes did exist
Evidence of Mesopotamian pottery in the Indus Valley
Intra-regional trade was more common
Egypt was cut off by the desert and delta, but did trade south into Nubia
China cut off due to Gobi desert and Himalayas
Syria-Palestine trade route most organized system at this time

28. III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
G. Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied.

29. Social Hierarchies Became more complex as political centers expanded
Warriors became body guards to royals families
Royal families often isolated themselves to maintain an aura of prestige and divinity
Expansion of specialized labor allowed for larger middle class, but lowered farmer’s status
Blacksmiths were thought to be able to perform magic
Tension between priest and political powers intensified

30. Gender Hierarchies
Women became more and more subservient in the upper classes as men wielded more and more political power
Middle and lower class women had more freedoms (socially) as they were an important part of families economic well being
Mesopotamia
Could divorce, but not own land
Egypt
Could divorce, own land, start businesses, etc
Some female Pharaohs
Hatshepsut and Nefertiti

31. III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
H. Literature was also a reflection of culture.
Rig Veda, Book of the Dead, and Psalm Activity