1. Evolution of Populations 16.1 pp. 299-302
Individuals do not evolve, Populations evolve over time Population genetics = study of how genes change in a population Population = same species, same place, same time, interbreeding Bell curve = distribution of a trait spread evenly around an average (normal distribution)

2. Evolution of Populations 16.1 pp. 299-302
Variation is common among traits in a population
&
Necessary for natural selection to work on a population
Sources of variation:
Mutations in the DNA
Recombination during crossing over in Meiosis
Random fusion of gametes

3. Evolution of Populations 16.1 pp. 299-302
Gene pool = total genetic information in a population (measure of variation) Allele frequency = percentage an allele is found in a population Allele frequency = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 Pheno. fr = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑. 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠

4. Evolution of Populations 16.1 pp. 299-302
F2: 5 red, 2 pink, 1 white (population size = 8 flowers) 5x RR = 10 R 2x Rr = 2 R and 2 r 1x rr = 2r TOTALS: 12 R, 4r R frequency = =0.75 r frequency = 4 16 = 0.25
Example from p. 301:
RR = red flowers
Rr = pink
rr = white
Phenotype frequency:
Red: 5/8 = 0.625
Pink: 2/8 = 0.25
White: 1/8 = 0.125

5. Evolution of Populations 16.1 pp. 299-302
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium describes populations that are NOT evolving, allele frequency is in equilibrium
5 conditions necessary:
No mutations
No migration
No natural selection
Large population size
Random mating
Random mating requires no sexual selection, a form of natural selection.

6. Evolution of Populations 16.1 pp. 299-302
Birds of paradise
Bighorn sheep

7. Evolution of Populations 16.1 pp. 299-302

8. Evolution of Populations 16.1 pp. 299-302