1. Religious and Political Change in England, 1500s-1700

2. The Protestant Reformation, 1500s-1600s
Religious reformers: Catholic church was corrupt and immoral
Involvement in political intrigues and wars
The selling of indulgences
The charging for services the church declared were necessary for salvation
Using (often poor) parishioners’ money to fund further development.
Sex scandals (mistresses, illegitimate children) surrounding high ranking church officials, including several popes.

3. Reformation Leaders Martin Luther John Calvin
Helped touch off the Reformation
The bible, not church leaders (priests, popes), was the ultimate authority
Divine grace alone determines salvation
John Calvin
Calvinism was the dominant Protestant theology in England
Shared with Luther a belief in original sin, divine grace, and the bible as the actual word of God.

4. The Reformation in England
Henry VIII ( ) and divorce
Pope: no divorce from Catharine of Aragon
Henry VIII set up Church of England
The break w/ Rome encouraged English Calvinists to influence the Church of England

5. Political and Economic Change
Catholic lands
Seized and sold by Henry VIII
Gave nobility and gentry more economic and political power
Strengthened the power of Parliament
Rising gentry class
Drawn to Calvinism
By 1530s, England a limited monarchy.

6. England Empire began under Elizabeth I Defeat of the Spanish Armada
A subcontracted empire
As escape valve
Population and manufacturing
enclosure

7. Swinging Back and Forth
“Bloody” Mary (Mary Tudor, ), Catholic
Elizabeth I ( ), CoE
James I ( ), CoE
Charles I ( ), CoE, suspected Catholic
The English Commonwealth ( ), Puritan
Charles II ( ), CoE
James II ( ), Catholic
William and Mary ( ), CoE

8. Early Colonies, 1600s

9. The West Indies Barbados Jamaica Sugar Labor New ideas about whiteness
The Barbadian slave code
Jamaica
Sugar and pirates
Port Royal

10. Roanoke, 1585, 1587 First Attempt Second Attempt
Wingina and the Algonquins
Second Attempt
Croatoan

11. Jamestown, 1607 Powhatan and the Algonquin Jamestown as death trap
: 10,000 emigrated. 1622: 500 alive
“A more damned crew hell never vomited.”
John Smith
Capture of Pocahontas

12. Tobacco as a Cash Crop Headrights
Wealthy men imported indentured servants
Conflict with Algonquins 1622, 1623, 1632, 1644.

13. The Chesapeake Colonies
Virginia and Maryland, 1632
The middling classes
“Competitive, ruthless, avaricious, crude, callous, and insecure.” (Taylor)
Lifestyle
Indentured servants
1660s, economic downturn

14. Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 Nathaniel Bacon vs. William Berkeley
Conflict with Indians
Who would control the colony?
Impact of the rebellion

15. The Middle Colonies Diversity Consolidating power
1664 England seizes New Netherlands
The Covenant Chain
From New Jersey, to East and West Jersey, and back to New Jersey, 1702
Pennsylvania, 1680
William Penn, Quakerism
Delaware, 1704

16. New England Puritanism in England Population Land Distribution Fishing
Merger of religious and political authority
Charles I ( )
The Great Migration,
Beliefs
Population
Land Distribution
Fishing
England and New England

17. Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
John Smith
Plymouth 1620
Pilgrims
Massachusetts Bay 1630 (the “City upon a Hill”)
Established families
Government
Highly democratic (for the time period)
Towns officially were governed by the king. Unofficially, they largely governed themselves.
Strict division between church leadership and government leadership (not a theocracy)
However, the courts enforced church law as well as civil law

18. Religious Dissent
Quakers
Puritans
Roger Williams
Anne Hutchinson

19. Relations with Indians
Land
Burnings and shaping the landscape
Different concepts of property
Wampum
Pequot War,
Praying towns, 1640s