1. Nn = No e-∆E/kT
Harry Kroto 2004

2. Pumped into population inversion condition by source of IR radiation
Harry Kroto 2004

3. Harry Kroto 2004

4. Harry Kroto 2004

5. Harry Kroto 2004

6. Harry Kroto 2004

7. Harry Kroto 2004

8. Harry Kroto 2004

9. Harry Kroto 2004

10. The maser may switch of after say 3 days so the dimension of the cloud can be estimated from the time for the light wave to pass through the cloud as about 1/100th of a ly and leave the molecules in their lower states. It will take several days to pump up to population inversion again and switch on again
Harry Kroto 2004

11. So what we need is population inversion
Nn > Nm
So what we need is population inversion
Harry Kroto 2004

12. http://www. scienceclarified

18. – + – +
The voltage will follow a hyperbolic function – but we need to know the field E(q) = dV/dq

19. y X
V = Vo + a x y

20. y X
V = Vo + a x y
dV/dx = a y dV/dy = a x

21. y X
V = Vo + a x y
dV/dx = a y dV/dy = a x
dV/dr = a(x2 + y2)½

22. V = Vo + a x y dV/dx = a y dV/dy = a x dV/dr = a(x2 + y2)½ |E| = |a| r

23. So the field E is increases radially as rX
V = Vo + a x y
dV/dx = a y dV/dy = a x
dV/dr = a(x2 + y2)½
E = a r
So the field E is increases radially as r

24. Focussed
n
H = – E. μ
m
Defocussed
r →

25. Defocussed
m
n
Focussed
m

27. y X
n
Population Inversion
m