1. Unit 2
4ºESO

2. UNIT 2 VOCABULARY GRAMMAR PLACES AND LIFESTYLES: ADJECTIVES
EVERYDAY PROBLEMS: VERBS AND VERB PHRASES
GRAMMAR
MODALS OF ADVICE AND OBLIGATION
Ought to / should / shouldn’t
Must / have to / mustn’t / need to / don’t need to / don’t have to
MODALS OF PERMISSION AND ABILITY
Can / may / be allowed to / could / be able to / manage to
MODALS OF POSSIBILITY AND DEDUCTION
Could / may / might / must / can’t
PERFECT MODALS
Must have / can’t have / might-may-could have /should have + past participle

3. VOCABULARY WHICH ARE THE BIGGEST CITIES IN OUR COUNTRY? BARCELONA
MADRID
BILBAO
MÁLAGA

4. VOCABULARY WHICH ONE IS YOUR FAVOURITE? WHY? BARCELONA MADRID BILBAO
MÁLAGA

5. PAGE 16 SB. “GUESS THE MEGACITY”
CAN YOU PLACE THE CITIES IN THE MAP?
WHAT CAN YOU TELL ME ABOUT YOUR CITY?
IS IT …..
BUSY or QUIET
DANGEROUS or SAFE
GREEN or POLLUTED
DULL (BORING) or LIVELY
HISTORIC or MODERN
UNFRIENDLY or WELCOMING
URBAN or RURAL
WEALTHY or POOR

6. VOCABULARY I (workbook page 27)
BUSY
QUIET
DANGEROUS
RURAL
GREEN
SAFE
HISTORIC
UNFRIENDLY
DULL
URBAN
LIVELY
WEALTHY
MODERN
WELCOMING
POLLUTED
POOR

7. SER CAPAZ DE (ANY TENSE)
MODAL VERBS
You must learn their meaning and you will know how to use them
CAN
COULD
BE ABLE TO + INFINITIVE
MANAGED TO
MAY/MIGHT
MUST
HAVE TO
SHOULD /OUGHT TO
PODER (PRESENT)
PODER (PAST)
SER CAPAZ DE (ANY TENSE)
ARREGLARSELAS PARA… (it implies an effort)
PUEDE QUE …
DEBER(PRESENT)
TENER QUE
DEBERÍA

8. RULES 1. FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE / BASE FORM VERB
I can GO out tonigh because I passed all my exams
She is able to PLAY the guitar
You shouldn’t SMOKE, it’s dangerous
2. THEY DON’T CHANGE (No “s”, “ed”, “ing”)
I/we/She CAN’T sleep
3. NO AUXILIARIES (No “do”, “does”, “did”)
I CAN’T sleep. CAN you sleep?
What SHOULD YOU do? You SHOULDN’T smoke
EXCEPTION
I’M able to do that / She IS able to do that ….
I HAVE to wake up early/ She HAS to wake up early
EXCEPTION
I MANAGED to finish the work but you DIDN’T MANAGE to finish it . DID Diana MANAGE to finish it on time?
DO you HAVE to go to the gym? No, I HAVE to eat more vegetables and I DON’T HAVE to eat chocolate.
She HAS to study more, she DOESN’T HAVE to make a new exam. DOES she HAVE to study at home?
I HAD to buy a new car but I DIDN’T HAVE to buy a new house I’M able to do that / She IS able to do that ….
I HAVE to wake up early/ She HAS to wake up early

9. LIST OF MODAL VERBS IN ENGLISH
CAN/ CAN’T
COULD/COULDN’T
BE ABLE TO /WILL BE ABLE TO
MANAGED TO
MAY/MIGHT
SHOULD/SHOULDN’T-OUGHT TO
MUST / MUSTN’T
HAVE TO / DON’T HAVE TO
NEED TO / DON’T NEED TO *
BE ALLOWED TO

10. MODAL OF ADVICE AND OBLIGATION
ADVICE / OPINION
OUGHT TO / SHOULD
OBLIGATION: STRONG AFFIRMATIVE ADVICE / OPINION
SHOULD
NEED TO
MUST
NO OBLIGATION
HAVE TO
DON’T NEED TO
PROHIBITION; STROONG NEGATIVE ADVICE / OPINION
DON’T HAVE TO / DOESN’T HAVE TO
MUSTN’T
Student’s book page 17 activity 6

11. Advice OUGHT TO / SHOULD / SHOULDN’T
To give advice and make recommendations
You SHOULDN’T smoke
You SHOULD eat less junk food and more healthy food

12. Obligation MUST / HAVE TO To say something is obligatory
MUST + infinitive
To talk about the feelings of the speaker, or written rules
I MUST go to the doctor because I’m feeling bad, I think I MUST stop smoking too
You MUST go to school, it’s the law
HAVE TO + infinitive
Obligations that other people have put in place (laws)
You HAVE TO pay me the money you owe me
She can go to the cinema but she HAS TO come back at 22:00

13. DON’T NEED TO / DON’T HAVE TO
Necessity
NEED TO
To express necessity
You NEED TO study more to pass your exam
You DON’T NEED TO wear your uniform outside the school
The negative form is sed when there is no obligation
DON’T NEED TO / DON’T HAVE TO
You dont’ need to wear the same coat to the school
My brother doesn’t have to get up early at the weekend
NEED
Is also used as a verb
I need a new car, mine is broken
I don’t need a new car, mine is new

14. Permission and ability
CAN / MAY
To talk about permission in the present. May is slightly more formal.
You CAN go out today because you have passed your exams
BE ALLOWED TO
It is used with other tenses to say that something is or isn’t premitted
WILL you BE ALLOWED TO go to the concert with us?
I WASN’T ALLOWED TO go to concerts when I was underage

15. Permission and ability
CAN
To talk about ability in the present.
I CAN speak English nowadays
COULD
To talk about ability in the past
I COULD speak French when I was 12, I CAN’T speak it now
BE ABLE TO
To talk about ability with other tenses
I WILL BE ABLE TO
MANAGED TO
To talk about something achieved but it implies some difficulty
After studying for wees he finally MANAGED TO pass all his exams

16. Possibility and deduction
COULD / MAY / MIGHT When something is possible She’s late, she COULD be lost I MAY have some holiday and visit my family They MIGHT NOT come to the trip, they don’t know MUST When we are certain that something is true This MUST be Sally, that’s her car CAN’T When we know that something is impossible You CAN’T be tired, you have been sleeping for hours!

17. Use an appropriate modal verb to compete each sentence
DOESN’T HAVE TO
MAY NOT
DOESN’T NEED TO
Owen _________________( not) do his homework because tomorrow is Saturday.
Drivers ________________ stop at a stop sign.
________________ you make a copy for me?
We _________________ leave now or we will be late.
A: ____________ I use your laptop computer? B: Of course you _______.
______________ I go to the restroom, Miss Chang?
I ________________ catch the bus this morning. My father drove me to school.
MUST
CAN/COULD
SHOULD/ HAVE TO
CAN
CAN
CAN/MAY/COULD
DIDN’T HAVE TO

18. 8. ________________ you answer the phone?
9. When I was young, I _________________ speak better English than now.
You look pale. You ____________ go to a doctor.
You have been driving for ten hours. You _______________ be exhausted.
We _______________ rent a car. My father will lend us his.
CAN/COULD
COULD/ WAS ABLE TO
SHOULD
HAVE TO/ MUST
DON’T HAVE TO

19. PERFECT MODALS MUST HAVE + PARTICIPLE CAN’T HAVE + PARTICIPLE
MIGHT/MAY/COULD HAVE + PARTICIPLE
COULD HAVE + PARTICIPLE
SHOULD HAVE + PARTICIPLE

21. SITUATIONS
Yesterday you didn’t come to English lesson and we had the best lesson ever!!! ( you say…)
I should have come to the English class. They had a fantastic time
Your friends left at and they drove home. It’s 14:30 and they haven’t already arrived.
They must have had an accident. They are always on time at home
There was a party and you didn’t go because you thought you weren’t invited, but you were. ( your friend tells you…)
You could have come to the party. I invited you!!

22. Yesterday you didn’t come to English lesson and we had the best lesson ever!!! ( you say…)
I should have come to the English class. They had a fantastic time
Your friends left at and they drove home. It’s 14:30 and they haven’t already arrived.
They must have had an accident. They are always on time at home
There was a party and you didn’t go because you thought you weren’t invited, but you were. ( your friend tells you…)
You could have come to the party. I invited you!!

23. PERFECT MODALS can you see the difference between one and the other?
You MUST CLEAN your room because it’s very dirty
You MUST HAVE CLEANED your room if you wanted to go out tonight
She MIGHT NOT MARRY Luis, she has many doubts
She MIGHT HAVE NOT MARRIED Luis because I saw her kissing Carlos
OBLIGATION , in the present
DEBES LIMPIAR tu habitación porque está sucia
DEBIAS HABER LIMPIADO si querias salir
SUPOSITION, “Debias haberlo hecho”
DOUBTS, in the present
PUEDE QUE NO SE CASE con luis, tiene muchas dudas
PUEDE QUE NO SE HAYA CASADO con luis, la vi besando a carlos
PREDICTIONS from the past

24. PERFECT MODALS Can you see the difference between one and the other?
She COULD SPEAK French when she was six
She COULD HAVE SPOKEN French with my cousin from Paris
You SHOULD LISTEN to the teacher (everyday)
You SHOULD HAVE LISTENED to your teacher, he told you when the exam was
Ella SABIA HABLAR francés cuando tenia 6 años
ABILITY, in the past
Ella PODIA HABER HABLADO francés con mi prima de Paris
Lack of possibility/possibility of doing something
ADVICE
DEBERIAS ESCUCHAR al profesor ( cada día)
DEBERÍAS HABER ESCUCHADO al profe, te dijo cuando era el examen
An ADVICE that wasn’t taken

25. May/might/could + have + past participle
PERFECT MODALS
When we are not sure what happened in the past
I can’t find my mobile. I might have left it at school.
May/might/could + have + past participle
When we had the ability to do something in the past but did not do it.
I could have borrowed a bicycle, but I decided to walk instead
Could have + past participle

26. Can’t have + past participle
When we are sure that something did not happen.
They can’t have closed the museum yet. It’s too early.
Can’t have + past participle
When we are quite sure about a past action.
My maths homework isn’t in my bag. I must have left it at home
Must have + past participle

27. Should have + past participle
When expectations were not fulfilled
He should have / ought to have told us he wasn’t coming.
Should have + past participle
When a piece of advice was not taken.
You should have / ought to have been more careful.
Should / ought to have + past participle

28. The Past Tense of Could = Could + Have + Past Participle
We could have bought some snacks, but now there aren’t any.
We could buy some snacks before the game starts.

29. The Past Tense of Couldn’t = Couldn’t + Have + Past Participle
The cat couldn’t possibly eat more now.
He couldn’t have eaten so much candy without getting sick!

30. The Past Tense of Would = Would + Have + Past Participle
He would have liked the hike if he hadn’t been so scared.
He would like to go hiking if he gets time off work.

31. The Past Tense of Should = Should + Have + Past Participle
You should have obeyed the traffic rules.
You should obey the traffic rules.

32. The Past Tense of Shouldn’t = Shouldn’t + Have + Past Participle
He shouldn’t smoke.
He shouldn’t have smoked in bed (because it caught on fire).

33. The Past Tense of Must = Must + Have + Past Participle
It must have been hard for George Bush to be president. He was very unpopular.
Barack Obama looks stressed. It must be hard to be president.

34. Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal
I can ride a horse, and when I was young, I _____ride a pony. (ability in the past) I could ride a pony. (ability in the past) I can’t catch a ball. I _______ catch a ball, even when I was on a baseball team. (ability in the past) I couldn’t catch a ball, even when I was on a baseball team. (ability in the past)

35. Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal
I’m having so much fun, I could stay up all night! (possibility) I was having so much fun last night, I ________ all night! (possibility in the past) I was having so much fun last night, I could have stayed up all night! (possibility in the past)

36. Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal
They would buy a new car if they had enough money. (conditional)
They _______________ a new car, but they didn’t save enough money. (conditional in the past)
They would have bought a new car, but they didn’t save enough money. (conditional in the past)
He wouldn’t leave his wife, even if he won the lottery today. (conditional)
He ___________________ his wife, even if he had won the lottery last week. (conditional in the past)
He wouldn’t have left his wife, even if he had won the lottery last week. (conditional in the past)

37. Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal
We should go on vacation, before it’s too late.
(advise)
We ______________ on vacation, but now it’s too late. (regret about the past)
We should have gone on vacation, but now it’s too late. (regret about the past)
You shouldn’t break the company’s rules. (advise)
You ___________________ the company’s rules – now you don’t have a job. (regret about the past, criticism)
You shouldn’t have broken the company’s rules – now you don’t have a job. (regret about the past, criticism)

38. Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal
They look happy. Their team must be winning now. (logical conclusion)
The game is over and they are cheering. Their team ___________________. (logical conclusion or 100% certainty)
The game is over and they are cheering. Their team must have won. (logical conclusion or 100% certainty)

39. Think about these situations and create a sentence using modals.
1. We are going to Paris for a weekend. (Make suggestions about things to do)
We could visit the Louvre / We should go up the Eiffel Tower
2. We start school in September. (Talk about necessity)
We have to buy a new notebook
3. Margaret is a very talented sportswoman. (Talk about ability)
She can speak 3 languages! / She is able to play the piano and the violin
4. You have just won the lottery! (Talk about possibility)
I might stop working / I may buy a new car / I can travel to New York
5. Peter has got a headache and a congested nose. (Give him some advice)
You should see a doctor / You ought to drink hot tea
6. You want to borrow your uncle’s Mercedes Benz. (Ask for permission politely)
Can I borrow your car, please? or May I borrow your car, please?

40. Questions? Would you like to ask a question?
Could I help answer any questions?