1. Impact of climate change on animal production
Mohamed K.Yousef

2. Global warming causes climate change such as alterations in :
Seasonal temperature
Amount and patterns of precipitation
Amount and patterns of wind velocity
Extreme weather events , i.e. heat waves, storms ……………etc.

3. Interrelationship of climate change and livestock
Livestock both Contribute to and are affected by climate change.
Livestock contribute about 18 % of total greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate change affects livestock production: directly (physiological , biochemical , behavioral and indirectly (changes in feed and water quality and quantity ; and disease patterns).

4. Anaerobic Decomposition
HUMAN ACTIVITIES, INDUSTRY,
TRANSPORTATION….etc.
GREEN HOUSE GASES
CO2, CH4, N2O
REMOVAL of NATURAL
SINKS OF
GHG
GLOBAL
WARMING
Rumen Fermentation
Anaerobic Decomposition
EXTREME
WEATHER EVENTS
FEED STUFF
QUALITY; QUANTITY;
DISEASE
LIVE STOCK ANIMALS
PERFORMANCE
&
WELL- BEING
MANURE WASTE

5. To fully understand the impact of climate change on livestock requires :
A good measures of environmental warmth
Accurate measurement of thermal stress impacts on performance and well-being
Assessment and prediction of occurrence of extreme weather events
Development of appropriate ways for coping with thermal stress

6. Measure of environmental warmth
“How Hot it Feels”

7. Meteorological Measurements
Meteorological Indices for Measurement of Environmental Warmth
Index
Meteorological Measurements
Equations
Source
THI
Tdb, Twb
=0.4(Tdb+Twb)x( )
Thom, 1959
(for outdoors)
Tdb, RH
=(0.81Tdb)+(0.143RH)+(0.0099x
RHx Tdb)+46.3
Nat. Res. Council, 1971
WGBT
Tdb, Twb, Tg
=0.7Twb+0.2Tg+0.1Tdb
Yaglou and Minard, 1957
BGHI
Tg, Tdp
=Tg+0.36Tdp+41.2
Buffington et al, 1981

9. TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY INDEX (THI)
DEAD COWS
SEVERE Stress
(>90)
MODERATE Stress
(80-89)
MILD Stress
(72 -79)
NO Stress
(<72)

10. Categories of the weather safety index associated with the THI (USDC
Categories of the weather safety index associated with the THI (USDC.ESSA, 1970
Normal “TNZ”
Alert”Mild”
Danger ”Mode”
Emergency “Sever”

13. (B) Impact of thermal stress on performance and Well-being of livestock

14. Animal Productivity under a wide range of environmental temperature
Optimum conditions
Comfort zone
Low critical temp.
Upper critical temp.

15. CATTLE SHEEP TEMPERATURE, ºC Dairy cow, dry or < 10kg milk/d
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10 -5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CATTLE
Dairy cow, dry or < 10kg milk/d
Dairy cow, 2wk to breeding or> 22kg milk/d
Beef cow, near maintenance
Calf, newborn to 2 wk
Calf, 1 mo
Calf, feeder, 0.8 kg daily gain
Calf, feeder, 1.5 kg daily gain
SHEEP
Ewe, full-fleece, near maintenance
Ewe, Shorn
Lamb, newborn to 2wk
Lamb, growing, ad-lib fed, grouped
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10 -5 5 10 15 20 25 30
TEMPERATURE, ºC

17. Is normal Tb variable ?
Is metabolic rate adaptive ?
Avenues of heat loss ?

18. Do Mammals maintain strict homeothermy?

20. Premitive Homeothermy
Does labile body temperature represent failure in the thermoregulatory system
Premitive Homeothermy ?

21. 50 40 30

22. If hyperthermia is an adaptive strategy ,How do animals tolerate high body temperature?

23. Brain cooling

24. Is metabolc rate (HP) adaptive in mammals?
Resting HP
Metabolic cost of activities , i.e, walking

29. Grade (%) Vertical displacement of A load in grade walking a 17 10 2
Grade
status
18.4
12.7
10.2 up
Man
7.1
level
3.7
5.8
6.1
Down
18.1
11.3
Burro
3.1
1.0
2.9
3.5
a= values are vertical centimeters per 100 horizontal

30. Avenues of evaporative water loss
1- Respiration “Painting”
2- Skin “Sweating” / “Diffusion”
3- Salivation

31. Relative importance of panting and sweating?
Panting
Sweating
Dog
Man

32. The relative importance of panting and sweating is affected by :
Degree of heat stress

34. 2. Type of exposure to heat stress

36. Factors affecting panting and sweating : dehydration

37. Tolerance to dehydration
How do animals tolerate dehydration ?

38. Tolerance to rapid rehydration
1. Rumen as a WATER STORE

39. What does control outflow of water from the rumen

40. 2. Red blood cells tolerate a wide range of fluid osmolality

41. (C) Measures for thermal relief

42. Physical modification of the environment Housing Shade …………..etc
Alteration of animal microclimate
Fans
Fog misters
Sprinklers……..etc
Improvement of nutritional and watering management techniques
Change time of feeding
Change quantity & quality of feeding
Provide adequate water source ……etc
Genetic development of less sensitive animals to thermal stress