2. Topics Introduction to Functions Defining and Calling a Void Function
Designing a Program to Use Functions
Local Variables
Passing Arguments to Functions
Global Variables and Global Constants

3. Introduction to Functions
Examples of built-in functions: input, float, int, etc
Group of statements within a program that perform a specific custom task
A task of a large program with multiple tasks
Functions can be executed in order to perform overall program task
Known as divide and conquer approach
Modularized program: A large task or program is broken up into smaller tasks or functions

5. Benefits of Modularizing a Program with Functions
The benefits of using functions include:
Simpler code
Code reuse
write the code once and call it multiple times
Better testing and debugging
Can test and debug each function individually
Faster development
Easier facilitation of teamwork
Different team members can write different functions

6. Types of Returning Functions
A value-returning function:
Executes the statements it contains then it returns a value back to the statement that called it.
The input, int, and float functions are examples of value-returning functions.
A void function:
Simply executes the statements it contains and then terminates.

7. Defining a Function Functions are given names Function naming rules
Cannot use key words as a function name
Cannot contain spaces
First character must be a letter or underscore
All other characters must be a letter, number or underscore
Uppercase and lowercase characters are distinct

8. Defining a Function
Function name should be descriptive of the task carried out by the function
Often includes a verb
Function definition: specifies what function does
def function_name():
statement

9. Defining a Function Must be defined before used
Could be in beginning of program before main program starts
Function header: first line of function
Includes keyword def and function name, followed by parentheses and colon
Block: set of statements that belong together as a group
Example: the statements included in a function

10. Calling a Function Call a function to execute it
When a function is called
Interpreter jumps to the function and executes its statements
Interpreter jumps back to where the program called the function
Known as function return

11. Definition and Calling Function Example
# This program demonstrates a function. # First, we define a function named message. def message(): print('I am Arthur') print('King of the Britons') # Call the message function. message() Output I am Arthur King of the Britons

12. Calling a Function main function: called when the program starts
Calls other functions when they are needed
Defines the mainline logic of the program

13. Main and Two Function Example
# This program has two functions. First we define the main function. def main(): print('I have a message for you.') message() print('Goodbye!') # Next we define the message function. def message(): print('I am Arthur') print('King of the Britons.') # Program starts here by calling the function labeled as main. Main() Output I have a message for you. I am Arthur King of the Britons. Goodbye!

14. Indentation in Python Each block must be indented
Lines in block must begin with the same number of spaces
Use tabs or spaces to indent lines in a block, but not both as this can confuse the Python interpreter
IDLE automatically indents the lines in a block
Blank lines that appear in a block are ignored

15. Designing a Program to Use Functions
In a flowchart, function call shown as rectangle with vertical bars at each side
Function name written in the symbol
Typically draw separate flow chart for each function in the program
End terminal symbol usually reads Return
Top-down design: technique for breaking algorithm into functions

16. Function Flowchart

17. Flow Using Hierarchy Chart
Depicts relationship between functions
AKA structure chart
Box for each function in the program, Lines connecting boxes illustrate the functions called by each function
Does not show steps taken inside a function
Use input function to have program wait for user to press enter

18. Hierarchy Chart

19. Detailed Program Hierarchy Chart
See acme_dryer.py

20. Local Variables Assigned a value inside a function
Belongs to the function in which it was created
Only statements inside that function can access it
Cannot be accessed from outside the function
Scope: the part of a program that recognizes a variable
For local variable – only in function that created it

21. Local Variables Define local variables first
Cannot be accessed by statements inside its function before it is created
Different functions may have local variables with the same name
Each function does not see the other function’s local variables, so no confusion

22. Problem With Local Variable
# Definition of the main function. def main(): get_name() print('Hello', name) # This causes an error! # Definition of the get_name function. def get_name(): name = input('Enter your name: ') # Call the main function. main()

23. Local Variables Example
# Demonstrates two functions that have local variables with same name. def main(): texas() # Call the texas function california() # Call the california function # texas function creates a local variable named birds. def texas(): birds = 5000 print('texas has', birds, 'birds.') # california function also creates a local variable named birds. def california(): birds = 8000 print('california has', birds, 'birds.') main() # Call the main function

24. Arguments Argument: value (data) that is sent into a function
Function can use argument in calculations
Argument is placed in parentheses after function name
Received by parameter in function
If variable is used, its value cannot be changed
Only value is sent to function

25. Passing Arguments to Functions Example

26. Parameter Variable
Assigned the value of an argument when the function is called
The parameter and the argument have same value
General format:
def function_name(parameter):
Scope of a parameter: only the function in which the parameter is used

27. Parameter In Use

28. Parameter Demonstration
# pass_arg.py # This program demonstrates an argument being passed to a function. def main(): value = 5 show_double(value) # The show_double function accepts an argument # and displays double its value. def show_double(number): result = number * 2 print(result) # Call the main function. main()

29. Passing Multiple Arguments
Python allows writing a function that accepts multiple arguments
Parameter list replaces single parameter
Parameter list items separated by comma
Arguments are passed by position to corresponding parameters
First parameter receives value of first argument, second parameter receives value of second argument, etc.

30. Passing Multiple Arguments Example

31. Multiple Parameters In Action
# multiple_args.py # This program demonstrates a function that accepts two arguments. def main(): print('The sum of 12 and 45 is') show_sum(12, 45) # The show_sum function accepts two arguments and displays their sum. def show_sum(num1, num2): result = num1 + num2 print(result) # Call the main function. main()

32. Making Changes to Parameters
Changes made to a parameter value within the function do not affect the argument
Known as pass by value
Provides a way for unidirectional communication between one function and another function
Calling function can communicate with called function

33. Making Changes to Parameters In Use

34. Making Changes to Parameters In Use (Continued)
Figure 5-18
The value variable passed to the change_me function cannot be changed by it