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Chapter 9 INTERLANGAUGE
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Q: Explain “interlanguage” (p.243)
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Q: Explain 4 stages of learner language development (p.245)
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Q: Why is it important to study “learners’ errors”? (p.249)
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Q: Explain the differences between “mistakes” and “errors” (p.249)
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Q: What are the sources of learners’ errors? (p.250)
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Q: Explain kinds of errors (p.251-252)
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Q: What is “L1 transfer/ cross-linguistic influence”. Any examples. (p
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Q: Explain universals and markedness features of language (p.259)
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Q: Discuss examples of intralingual transfer (p.260)
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Q: Discuss examples of communication strategies (p.262)
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Communication strategies: Achievement strategies
To reach the communicative goal by expanding the communicative resources at one’s disposal in order to compensate for their linguistic insufficiency (over)-generalization, paraphrase, code switching
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To avoid problems by reducing one’s communicative goal.
Reduction strategies To avoid problems by reducing one’s communicative goal. topic avoidance- as a form of refusal of certain topics requiring specific language features beyond the learner’s linguistic ability semantic avoidance (meaning replacement) uttering in a somewhat different way from the speaker’s original intention in order to avoid certain linguistic elements message abandonment -to discontinue an utterance which is already underway
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IL(L2)-based strategies
language switch and literal translation IL(L2)-based strategies Paraphrase, generalization, word coinage, and restructuring L2-based strategies (circumlocution, paraphrase, approximation)--- preferred by more proficient learners
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Q: Explain “fossilization” (p.264)
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Q: Explain the weak version and the strong version of “Form-focused Instruction” (p.271) Is FFI beneficial? (p.274)
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Q: Explain different ways of feedback (p.272)
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