1. Chapter 9 INTERLANGAUGE

2. Q: Explain “interlanguage” (p.243)

3. Q: Explain 4 stages of learner language development (p.245)

4. Q: Why is it important to study “learners’ errors”? (p.249)

5. Q: Explain the differences between “mistakes” and “errors” (p.249)

6. Q: What are the sources of learners’ errors? (p.250)

7. Q: Explain kinds of errors (p.251-252)

8. Q: What is “L1 transfer/ cross-linguistic influence”. Any examples. (p

9. Q: Explain universals and markedness features of language (p.259)

10. Q: Discuss examples of intralingual transfer (p.260)

11. Q: Discuss examples of communication strategies (p.262)

12. Communication strategies: Achievement strategies
To reach the communicative goal by expanding the communicative resources at one’s disposal in order to compensate for their linguistic insufficiency
(over)-generalization,
paraphrase,
code switching

13. To avoid problems by reducing one’s communicative goal.
Reduction strategies
To avoid problems by reducing one’s communicative goal.
topic avoidance- as a form of refusal of certain topics requiring specific language features beyond the learner’s linguistic ability
semantic avoidance (meaning replacement) uttering in a somewhat different way from the speaker’s original intention in order to avoid certain linguistic elements
message abandonment -to discontinue an utterance which is already underway

14. IL(L2)-based strategies
language switch and literal translation
IL(L2)-based strategies
Paraphrase, generalization, word coinage, and restructuring
L2-based strategies (circumlocution, paraphrase, approximation)--- preferred by more proficient learners

15. Q: Explain “fossilization” (p.264)

16. Q:
Explain the weak version and the strong version of “Form-focused Instruction” (p.271)
Is FFI beneficial? (p.274)

17. Q: Explain different ways of feedback (p.272)