1. Present Imperatives, Conj. 3-4

2. Third Conjugation Verbs Present Active Imperative
to form the present active imperative…
SG: add –e– to the 3rd conj. pres. stem
PL: add –ite– to the 3rd conj. pres. stem
e.g.: regō, regere – rege! (sg) regite! (pl)
exceptions:
the SG impv. of dūcō, dūcere is dūc!
the pl is still formed regularly – dūcite!
ALL compounds of dūcō, dūcere follow this pattern
the SG impv. of dīcō, dīcere is dīc!
the pl. is still formed regularly – dīcite!

3. 3rd Conjugation Verbs Present Passive Imperative
to form the present passive imperative…
SG: add –ere– to the 3rd conj. pres. stem
PL: add –iminī– to the 3rd conj. pres. stem
e.g.: regō, regere – regere! (sg) regiminī! (pl)
N.B.:
SG impv. is still the same as the 2nd PP
PL impv. is still the same as 2nd PL pres. pass. indic.

4. 3rd -IO Verbs Present Active Imperative
to form the present active imperative…
SG: find the pres. stem & change –i– to –e–
PL: find the pres. stem & add –te–
e.g.: capiō, capere – cape! (sg) capite! (pl)
exception: the SG impv. of faciō, facere is fāc!
the pl is still formed regularly – facite!
n.b.: this is like dūcō, dūcere & compounds (dūc! redūc!)

5. 3rd –IO Verbs Present Passive Imperative
to form the present passive imperative…
SG: change -i- to -e- on the pres. stem & add -re
PL: add –minī– to the pres. stem
e.g.: capiō, capere – capere! (sg) capiminī! (pl)
N.B.:
SG impv. is still the same as the 2nd PP
PL impv. is still the same as 2nd PL pres. pass. indic.

6. 4th Conj.: Present Imperatives
follow same rules as 1st & 2nd conjugations
Active:
SG: 2nd PP, drop –re: audī
PL: 2nd PP, drop –re, add –te: audīte
Passive:
SG: same as 2nd PP: audīre
PL: same as 2nd PL pres. pass. indic.: audīminī

7. 3rd & 4th Conjugation Perfect Indicative

8. Perfect Indicative, Conj. 3-4
rules for forming the perfect indicative are the same for all conjugations, including irregular verbs
PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE:
perf. act. stem + perf. act. endings (-ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt)
PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE:
4th PP + pres. tense of sum, esse (sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt)
PRACTICE: Give all perfect active/passive forms of…
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear

9. Appositives

10. Appositives/Nouns in Apposition
a noun used to describe another noun or pronoun is called its appositive, or is said to be in apposition to it
the appositive must agree in case with the noun or pronoun it describes
typically comes after the noun/pronoun it describes
E.G.:
Puella fratrem Marcum amat.
The girl loves her brother, Marcus.

11. Appositives/Nouns in Apposition
a noun used to describe another noun or pronoun is called its appositive, or is said to be in apposition to it
the appositive must agree in case with the noun or pronoun it describes
typically comes after the noun/pronoun it describes
can be translated on its own or using the word “as”
appositives can be in any case
E.G.:
Puella fratrem Marcum amat.
The girl loves her brother, Marcus.

12. Appositives/Nouns in Apposition
a noun may be in apposition to an understood subject:
Cōnsul mīlitēs dūcō.  I, the consul, lead the soldiers.
Imperātōr copiās dūcis.  You, as commander, lead the troops.
an appositive can be used to indicate time
Caesar puer magnam audāciam habuit.
Caesar, as a boy, had great boldness.
Caesar, (when) a boy, had great boldness.
Caesar, (while) a boy, had great boldness.

13. 3rd & 4th Conjugation Pluperfect Indicative

14. Pluperfect Indicative, Conj. 3-4
rules for forming the pluperfect indicative are the same for all conjugations, including irregular verbs
PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE:
perf. act. stem + impf. of sum, esse (eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant)
PLUPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE:
4th PP + impf. tense of sum, esse (eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant)
PRACTICE: Give all pluperfect active/passive forms of…
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear

15. Objective Genitive

16. Objective Genitive E.G. dux cōpiārum (i.e. ducit cōpiās)
the objective genitive is used as if it were the object of a noun or adjective containing some idea of action
the obj. gen. can often be translated with “for,” instead of “of”
E.G.
dux cōpiārum (i.e. ducit cōpiās)
the leader of the troops
cūra agrōrum (i.e. cūrat agrōs)
care for the fields
amor populī (i.e. amat populum)
love of/for the people
magister linguae Latinae (i.e. docet linguam Latīnam)
teacher of the Latin language

17. 3rd & 4th Conjugation Future Perfect Indicative

18. Future Perfect Indicative, Conj. 3-4
rules for forming the future perfect indicative are the same for all conjugations, including irregular verbs
FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE:
perf. act. stem + fut. pf. endings (-erō, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint)
FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE:
4th PP + fut. tense of sum, esse (erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt)
PRACTICE: Give all future perfect active/passive forms of…
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear

19. Ablative of Separation

20. Ablative of Separation
the abl. of separation is used to show separation when no motion is implied
if motion is implied, you are dealing with an abl. of PFW
translate using “from”
can be used with a preposition (ā/ab) or without one
with concrete nouns or persons, the prep. is sometimes there
with abstract nouns, the prep. is generally omitted
generally speaking, the abl. of sep. is seen without a prep.

21. Ablative of Separation
e.g.:
Dēfendimur (ā) fīnitimīs Gallīs.
We are defended from the neighboring Galls.
Cōnsulem omnī cūrā līberābitis.
You will free the consul from all care.

22. Ablative of Separation
Common Verbs with Abl. of Separation
defendō, defendere, defendī, defensus: to defend
liberō, liberāre, liberāvī, liberātus: to free
dividō, dividere, dividī, divisus: to separate
servō, servāre, servāvī, servātus: to protect, save
prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus: to prevent, keep from