1. Unit 3 – The Age of Exploration
Three Ships, by N.C. Wyatt

2. Motives of European Exploration
Missionary effort of Catholic/Protestant nations to convert other cultures (GOD)
Catholic nations sought to gain followers even before losses of the Reformation
A Christian duty to “save savage souls”
Gutenberg Bibles aboard many ships
Rulers looked to expand kingdoms, explorers sought fame/fortune (GLORY)
Kings & Queens financed expeditions in exchange for control of land & trade
Explorers received titles, cut of profits
Sailors, merchants, & rulers looked to expand trade beyond Europe (GOLD)
Starting with Marco Polo, Europeans had been attracted to Asian goods/products
Ottoman Turks controlled Silk Road access
WANTED: Water route to the Far East

3. The Age of Exploration Advancing Sailing Technologies
Europeans gained much of their nautical knowledge from Arabs, like:
Portolani
Nautical maps of coastlines, distances
Drawn on flat scale, no help overseas
Compass
Showed bearing of ship’s course
Astrolabe
Used the sun or a star to find latitude
Lateen Sails
Triangular sails allow for increased maneuverability
Caravels
Maneuverable ships that could hold heavy cannon & large cargo
All combined to allow for greater sailing accuracy over greater distances

4. The Age of Exploration The First Exploring Nations: Portugal
Portuguese Trading Empire
Expeditions along W. African coast find new source of gold trade
Bartholomeu Dias (1487)
Portuguese ships discover new route to India around southern tip of Africa
Vasco Da Gama (1497)
Bring home spices, make major bank
Attack Muslim trading operation, gain control of spice trade
Establish major port in Meleka, India
Portugal never colonized India. WHY?
Lack of manpower
Lack of resources
Lack of interest

5. The Age of Exploration The First Exploring Nations: Spain
Christopher Columbus
Italian, convinced Queen Isabella of Spain to finance experimental journey
Many at the time knew world was round, but not sure how large
thought he’d found short-cut to India by sailing west from Europe
1492: Columbus discovers what he thought were islands off China coast
Called islands “West Indies”
Actually in Caribbean Sea (America)
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Agreement between Portugal & Spain
Claimed unknown lands for Church
Line of Demarcation splits globe
Portugal: rights to “Old World”
Spain: rights to most of “New World”

6. A Spanish Empire in the New World
Conquistadors (conquerors) were sent to explore Spain’s vast new territory
Hernan Cortes (1519)
Overthrew powerful Aztec Empire in modern-day Mexico, in only 3 years
Francisco Pizarro ( )
Took control of Incan civilization in South America over 30 years
Why? God, Glory, mostly GOLD.
The Spanish encomienda system
Queen declared “Indians” her subjects
Could legally be used as laborers
Spanish were supposed to protect Native Americans; widely abused
Forced labor in mines, on plantations
Little resistance to European diseases
Smallpox, measles, typhus
Massive losses in populations
Missionary efforts to destroy culture

7. The Age of Exploration The Columbian Exchange
Term given to the extensive exchange of plants & animals between the Old World and the New World.
Previously isolated for more than a thousand years.
Huge impact on both sides of Atlantic (see video)

8. The Economic Theory of Mercantilism
Economic principles of the 1600s focused around the wealth of the nation-state
Gov’t control of foreign trade is top priority to ensure prosperity & security
Measured by supply of gold & silver
Gained thru favorable balance of trade
Export more than you import
Policies of European Rulers
Discourage import of foreign goods
high taxes on imports (tariffs)
Encourage export of manufactures
Protect favorable trading monopolies
Accept pay in gold, never pay in gold
Establish & Protect Colonies
Source of raw materials, gold, & silver
Protected market to sell manufactures
Effects of Mercantilism
European abuses in Americas, Africa
National rivalries based on trade, war

9. Ancient African Civilizations
Role of Geography
Climates dictate where, how people live
Variety of resources throughout Africa
Empires Through Trade
North African Nile civilizations grew powerful through trade alliances
Kush (Nubia) (1000BC - 150AD)
Axum (150BC – 1550BC)
West African Empires Rise and Fall
Located on Niger River valley
All centered on trading, taxes
Iron, gold, ivory, SALT?
Stateless societies in Southern Africa
Local rulers, mixed economies
Rise of Zimbabwe through gold trade
Ancient custom of slavery in Africa

10. The African Slave Trade
“Discovery” of Americas, sugarcane created huge demand for African slave
Sugar plantations in Caribbean, Brazil
Native workforce destroyed by disease
Tradition of trade and slavery in Africa
Triangular Trade Routes
AFRICA: import rum, manufactured goods, export slaves, gold, ivory
AMERICA: import slaves, export raw materials, rum, gunpowder
EUROPE: Import raw materials, export manufactured goods
Effects of Slave Trade on Africa
Tore families, communities apart
Constant internal warfare in Africa
Practice of “self-enslavement” (why?)
Dramatic costs on African population

11. European Influence in the East
India
Expanding foreign presence (British)
Spice Islands (Moluccas)
Dutch traders and military eventually corner spice trade, local government
Ex.: monopolize regional clove trade
Est. military outpost to protect trade
Mainland States of SE Asia
Resisted Euro. influence for most part
Stronger political identity, unity
China
Portuguese traders bring missionaries
Noted for their new technologies
Successful in spreading Christianity
Highly restricted trade under Qing
Refusal of expansion of British trade
Japan
Unified Japan initially pro Dutch trade
Move toward isolationism after Jesuit missionaries destroy ancient shrines
Many Japanese converts persecuted

12. Age of Exploration Summary
What factors motivated this “age of exploration”?
What factors determined which parts of the world were desired by European traders?
What factors determined how successful other cultures were (or were not) in preserving their independence and cultural identity after establishing European trade partnerships?

13. How do we know something to be true
How do we know something to be true? What separates the truth from fiction, opinion, or speculation?

14. The Scientific Age Traditional Sources of Knowledge
The Bible, The works of Aristotle
During the Renaissance…
New problems called for new solutions
accurate measurements & calculations needed for business
Humanists master Latin, discover new theories like…
The Ptolemaic System
Ptolemy: Greek astronomer, c. 200AD
Calculated past, present pos. of planets
Geocentric model of the Universe
Centered on stationary Earth
Larger & larger revolving spheres
Solid & transparent, with heavenly bodies embedded within
Outer sphere: Prime Mover (Heaven)
Supported by Catholic Church

15. The Scientific Age Challenges to Traditional Thought
Nicholas Copernicus (Polish)
Church administrator, astronomer
Said Ptolemaic system too complicated
Heliocentric System (1543)
Sun in the center of universe, planets orbit the sun, moon orbits the Earth
Earth rotates on axis
Not published until Copernicus was on his deathbed (why?)
Johannes Kepler (German)
Math that proved planetary motion
Galileo Galilei (Italian)
First to use telescope for astronomy
The Starry Messenger (1610)
“Heavenly bodies” made of matter
Spread heliocentric idea to the masses
Catholic Church puts Galileo on Trial

16. The Dawn of Modern Science
Isaac Newton (English)
Tied together theories of Copernicus, Kepler, & Galileo in Principia (1687):
Universal law of gravitation (gravity) & Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
Newton’s world-machine concept prevailed until Einstein’s theory of relativity
Added gravity to Kepler’s laws, all but ended heliocentric/geocentric debate
The Scientific Method
A systematic procedure for collecting & analyzing evidence, drawing conclusions
Developed by Sir Francis Bacon
Relies on scientific observations (evidence) of carefully organized experiments
Instead of ideas of ancient authorities
Marked a growing Freedom of Inquiry
How free are scientists to research and discover new truths?
Limited by authorities? Morals?

17. Unit 3 – The Age of Exploration
Three Ships, by N.C. Wyatt

18. Motives of European Exploration
Missionary effort of _____________/_______________ nations to convert other cultures (_______)
Catholic nations sought to gain followers even before losses of the ______________
A Christian duty to “_________ _____________ ___________”
__________________ Bibles aboard many ships
Rulers looked to expand ___________, explorers sought fame/fortune (________)
Kings & Queens financed expeditions in exchange for control of ________ & _______
Explorers received titles, cut of ____________
Sailors, merchants, & rulers looked to expand trade beyond ________ (_______)
Starting with Marco Polo, Europeans had been attracted to Asian goods/products
Ottoman Turks controlled ___________ ___________access
WANTED: ___________ route to the Far East

19. The Age of Exploration Advancing Sailing Technologies
Europeans gained much of their nautical knowledge from ___________, like:
_________________
Nautical maps of coastlines, distances
Drawn on flat scale, no help overseas
Showed bearing of ship’s course
Used the sun or a star to find latitude
_______________ Sails
Triangular sails allow for increased maneuverability
________________
Maneuverable ships that could hold heavy cannon & large cargo
All combined to allow for greater sailing accuracy over greater distances

20. The Age of Exploration The First Exploring Nations: _________________
Portuguese Trading Empire
Expeditions along W. African coast find new source of _________ trade
___________________________ ______________ (1487)
Portuguese ships discover new route to India around southern tip of Africa
_______________ _____ ____________(1497)
Bring home spices, make major bank
Attack Muslim trading operation, gain control of _____________ trade
Establish major port in Meleka, India
Portugal never colonized India. WHY?
Lack of _________________
Lack of ______________

21. The Age of Exploration The First Exploring Nations: ______________
____________________ ____________________
Italian, convinced Queen Isabella of ________________ to finance experimental journey
Many at the time knew world was round, but not sure how large
thought he’d found short-cut to India by sailing west from Europe
1492: Columbus discovers what he thought were islands off China coast
Called islands “__________ ________________”
Actually in Caribbean Sea (America)
Treaty of ______________________ (1494)
Agreement between ________________ & ________________
Claimed unknown lands for Church
Line of Demarcation splits globe
Portugal: rights to “________ World”
Spain: rights to most of “_________World”

22. A Spanish Empire in the New World
________________________ (conquerors) were sent to explore Spain’s vast new territory
Hernan ___________ (1519)
Overthrew powerful ____________ Empire in modern-day Mexico, in only 3 years
Francisco _______________ ( )
Took control of _______________ civilization in South America over 30 years
Why? God, Glory, mostly _____________.
The Spanish _________________________ system
Queen declared “Indians” her subjects
Could legally be used as ___________________
Spanish were supposed to protect Native Americans; widely abused
Forced labor in ________________, on ______________________
Little resistance to European _____________________
Smallpox, measles, typhus
Massive losses in populations
_________________________ efforts to destroy culture

23. The Age of Exploration The _________________________ Exchange
Term given to the extensive exchange of plants & animals between the ________ World and the _________ World.
Previously isolated for more than a thousand years.
Huge impact on both sides of _____________

24. The Economic Theory of Mercantilism
Economic principles of the 1600s focused around the ________________ of the nation-state
Gov’t control of ___________ trade is top priority to ensure prosperity & security
Measured by supply of ________ & _______________
Gained thru favorable __________________________
Export more than you import
Policies of European Rulers
Discourage import of foreign goods
high taxes on imports (________________)
Encourage export of manufactures
Protect favorable trading monopolies
Accept pay in gold, never pay in gold
Establish & Protect ___________________
Source of raw materials, gold, & silver
Protected market to sell manufactures
Effects of ________________________
European abuses in Americas, Africa
National rivalries based on trade, war

25. Ancient African Civilizations
Role of Geography
____________________ dictate where, how people live
Variety of resources throughout Africa
__________________ Through Trade
North African Nile civilizations grew powerful through _______ alliances
Kush (Nubia) (1000BC - 150AD)
Axum (150BC – 1550BC)
West African Empires Rise and Fall
Located on Niger River valley
All centered on _______________, _____________
Iron, gold, ivory, SALT?
_____________________ societies in Southern Africa
Local rulers, mixed economies
Rise of Zimbabwe through gold trade
Ancient custom of ___________________ in Africa

26. The African Slave Trade
“Discovery” of Americas, _____________ created huge demand for African slave
Sugar plantations in Caribbean, Brazil
Native workforce destroyed by __________
Tradition of trade and slavery in Africa
______________________ Trade Routes
____________ : import rum, manufactured goods, export slaves, gold, ivory
_____________ : import slaves, export raw materials, rum, gunpowder
_______________: Import raw materials, export manufactured goods
Effects of Slave Trade on Africa
Tore families, communities apart
Constant internal warfare in Africa
Practice of “________-_______________” (why?)
Dramatic costs on African population

27. European Influence in the East
India
Expanding foreign presence (British)
Spice Islands (_________________)
Dutch traders and military eventually corner _________ trade, local government
Ex.: monopolize regional clove trade
Est. military outpost to protect trade
Mainland States of SE Asia
Resisted Euro. influence for most part
Stronger political identity, unity
China
Portuguese traders bring _______________
Noted for their new technologies
Successful in spreading Christianity
Highly restricted trade under _________
Refusal of expansion of British trade
Japan
Unified Japan initially pro Dutch trade
Move toward ___________________ after ______________ missionaries destroy ancient shrines
Many Japanese converts persecuted

28. Age of Exploration Summary
What factors motivated this “age of exploration”?
What factors determined which parts of the world were desired by European traders?
What factors determined how successful other cultures were (or were not) in preserving their independence and cultural identity after establishing European trade partnerships?

29. How do we know something to be true
How do we know something to be true? What separates the truth from fiction, opinion, or speculation?

30. The Scientific Age Traditional Sources of Knowledge
The _______________, the works of ___________________
During the Renaissance…
New problems called for new solutions
Accurate measurements & calculations needed for business
Humanists master Latin, discover new theories like…
The __________________ System
_________________ : Greek astronomer, c. 200AD
Calculated past, present pos. of planets
__________________ model of the Universe
Centered on stationary Earth
Larger & larger revolving spheres
Solid & transparent, with heavenly bodies embedded within
Outer sphere: Prime Mover (Heaven)
Supported by __________________ ___________________

31. The Scientific Age Challenges to Traditional Thought
Nicholas ____________________ (Polish)
Church administrator, astronomer
Said Ptolemaic system too complicated
_____________________ System (1543)
Sun in the center of universe, planets orbit the sun, moon orbits the Earth
Earth rotates on axis
Not published until Copernicus was on his deathbed (why?)
Johannes ____________________ (German)
Math that proved planetary motion
__________________ Galilei (Italian)
First to use __________________ for astronomy
The __________________ Messenger (1610)
“Heavenly bodies” made of matter
Spread heliocentric idea to the masses
Catholic Church puts Galileo on Trial

32. The Dawn of Modern Science
Isaac ________________ (English)
Tied together theories of Copernicus, Kepler, & Galileo in Principia (1687):
Universal law of _________________ & Newton’s Three Laws of __________________
Newton’s world-machine concept prevailed until ______________’s theory of relativity
Added gravity to Kepler’s laws, all but ended heliocentric/geocentric debate
The _______________ Method
A systematic procedure for collecting & analyzing evidence, drawing conclusions
Developed by Sir Francis ___________________
Relies on scientific observations (evidence) of carefully organized experiments
Instead of ideas of ancient authorities
Marked a growing Freedom of _________________
How free are scientists to research and discover new truths?
Limited by authorities? Morals?