1. Unit 7 Chapter 10: Federal Bureaucracy
Section 1
Bureaucratic Organization
Mr. Young

2. Essential Questions
What is the major importance of the Federal Bureaucracy?

3. I CAN:
Define the concept of Bureaucracy and describe its characteristics
Explain the concept of a Bureaucrat and their function within the government
Identify and Describe the structure and function of the Federal Bureaucracy

4. Definitions of Bureaucracy
Group #1
Definitions of Bureaucracy

5. Bureaucracy -
A professional corps of unelected officials organized in a pyramid hierarchy, functioning under impersonal uniform rules and procedures.

6. Bureaucracy
A hierarchical organization in which offices have specified missions and employees are assigned responsibility based on merit, knowledge, and experience.

7. bureaucracy
Definition: an administrative system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials

8. bureaucracy
literally means “rule by desks”
government by clerks

9. Duty of Bureaucracy Cabinet Departments
Most Important duty: Carry out the Day-to-Day business of the government
15 cabinet departments

10. What and Whom are “Bureaucrats?”
Group #2
What and Whom are “Bureaucrats?”

11. Bureaucrats
A Civil servant
Permanent employee of the government

12. Who are the “Bureaucrats?”
97% are career government employees
Only 10% live in the D.C. area
30% work for the D.O.D.
Less than 15% work for social welfare agencies
Most are white collar workers: secretaries, clerks, lawyers, inspectors & engineers
Civil employees more diverse demographically than Congress

13. The Federal Bureaucracy is:
4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or “civil servants”
President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments)
15 cabinet level departments
200+ independent agencies with 2,000+ bureaus, divisions, branches, etc.
Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Service, Veterans Administration

14. Bureaucratic Statistics
2.9 million civilians
1.4 million military
4.2 million state
11.4 million local
Total: 19.8 million people work for government

15. Where do Federal Employees Work?
Source: Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

16. What Jobs Do Bureaucrats Do?
Source: Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

18. Demographics of Federal Employees

20. Functions and Structures of the Federal Bureaucracy
Group #3
Functions and Structures of the Federal Bureaucracy

21. Functions of the Federal Bureaucracy
Implementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the President
Administration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries)
Regulation - issue rules and regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards)
Source:

22. Organization
Departments, agencies, boards, commissions, corporations, and advisory committees
Article 2- President appoints heads of departments

23. The Cabinet Departments
The 15 cabinet departments headed by a cabinet secretary appointed by the president and approved by the Senate
Each department “expert” in specific policy area
Each department has its own budget
Department of Homeland Security, created in 2002, is newest department

25. Department of Homeland Security
Executive Secretary
Commandant of
Coast Guard (1)
Legislative Affairs
Secretary
Deputy Secretary
Inspector General
Public Affairs
General Counsel
State and Local Coordination
Civil Rights and
Civil Liberties
Citizenship & Immigration Service
Ombudsman (1)
Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1)
Special Assistant to the Secretary
(private sector)
Director of the
Secret Service (1)
National Capital Region Coordination
Small & Disadvantaged
Business
Privacy Officer
Chief of Staff
International Affairs
Shared Services
Counter Narcotics
Under Secretary
Management
Under Secretary
Science and Technology
Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection
Under Secretary
Border & Transportation Security
Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response
Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003

26. Independent Executive Agencies
Established by Congress with separate status outside the executive branch
Given a specific mandate and generally perform a service function, not a regulatory one.
Some examples include: Social Security Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.

27. Independent Agencies
Similar to cabinet departments but usually have a narrower area of responsibility
Ex: NASA, CIA
Perform services for the executive branch

28. Independent Regulatory Commissions
IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic activity or interest such as the Federal Communications Commission (public air waves) or Federal Reserve Board (banking system, money supply)
IRCs operate independently from Congress and the President
Once appointed and seated, members cannot be removed without cause

29. Regulatory Commissions
Administrative units that have responsibility for the monitoring and regulation of ongoing economic activities
Created to make rules for large industries and businesses that affect public interest
Under intense pressure from lobbyists
Ex: EPA (environment), SEC (stocks and bonds)

30. Government Corporations
Government owned businesses created by Congress
May or may not be profitable, but serve a public need
Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Tennessee Valley Authority, Corporation for Public Broadcasting

31. Government Corporations
Independent agencies, are similar to private organizations in that they can charge for their services but differ in that they receive federal funding
Ex:TVA, USPS, Amtrak

32. Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Source: Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

33. Characteristics and Criticisms
Group #4
Characteristics and Criticisms

34. Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
administration of government through departments
consists of unelected often highly trained professionals
task specialization
hierarchical authority

35. Public Perceptions of Bureaucracies
impersonal
inclined to follow rigid or complex procedures
may stifle effectiveness and innovation
“red tape”

36. Criticism of Bureaucracy
I. RED TAPE
too many rigid procedures >>> ex: all hiring must be done through OPM
too many policies with no flexibility for special circumstances
too many forms to fill out, lines to wait
II. INEFFICIENCY
lack of incentive to be productive - no profit motive
III. DUPLICATION OF SERVICES
bureaucracy is so complicated
agencies are performing similar and sometimes the same functions
Dept. of Commerce overlaps with Dept. of Agriculture, GSA overlaps with Dept. of Interior, etc.
federalism makes this more complicated, many services are provided at the state and national level both

37. Criticisms Continued IV. BUREAUCRACY IS LAW MAKER
regulations end up having the effect of law.
V. BUREAUCRACY IS TOO BIG
privatization would be more effective
VI. BUREAUCRACY IS CORRUPT
iron triangle - reveals the relationship between the Executive branch, Congress and private interest groups that can lead to decisions which benefit the private sector at the expense of the government.

38. Oversight of the Federal Bureaucracy
Group #5
Oversight of the Federal Bureaucracy

39. The President Supervises the Bureaucracy
The President can:
appoint & remove agency heads
reorganize the bureaucracy
issue executive orders
reduce an agency's budget
President Bush speaks about his budget priorities for FY 2007

40. Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy
Congress can:
create or abolish agencies & departments
cut or reduce funding
investigate agency activities
hold committee hearings
pass legislation that alters an agency's functions
influence or even fail to confirm presidential appointments
Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before
House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina

41. Federal Courts Check the Bureaucracy
Federal courts can:
through judicial review rule on whether the bureaucracy has acted within the law and the U.S. Constitution
provide due process for individuals affected by a bureaucratic action
Supreme Court of the United States

42. Question
Why do you think that the organization of Bureaucracies are so confusing?

43. Question
What do the 15 departments help to make up, guaranteed by the 25th amendment, that we talked about in the last unit.

44. Answer: Presidential Succession

45. Cabinet Departments
Serve as the major service organization for the federal government
Has broad powers and responsibility
15 different cabinets with different agendas and duties

46. Department of State Founded: 1789
Overall foreign policy of the United States
Embassies- office of ambassadors in foreign countries
Current Secretary: Hillary Clinton

47. Department of Defense Founded: 1789 (Department of War)
Changed name in 1949
Protects the nation’s security
Joint Chiefs of Staff (Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force)
Current Secretary: Leon Panetta

48. Department of Treasury
Founded: 1789
Managing the money of the US
Ex: IRS, Bureau of Mint, Bureau of Public Debt
Current Secretary: Timothy Geithner

49. Department of Interior
Founded: 1849
Protect public lands and natural resources throughout the nation
Ex: Bureau of Mines
Current Secretary: Ken Salazar

50. Question
What Service, created by Teddy Roosevelt, would be found in the Department of Interior? (hint, think of Old Faithful)

52. Department of Agriculture
Founded: 1862
Help farmers improve their income and expand their markets
Ex: Food Safety and Inspection Service
Current Secretary: Tom Vilsack

53. Department of Justice Founded: 1870 Attorney General (1789)
Oversee the nation’s legal affairs
Ex: FBI, DEA, US Marshals
Current Secretary: Attorney General Eric Holder

54. Department of Commerce
Founded: 1903
Promote and protect the industrial and commercial segments of the American economy
Ex: Bureau of Census, Patent and Trademark Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Current Secretary: John Bryson

55. Department of Labor Founded: 1913
Protects American workers; safe working conditions, safeguards a minimum wage, and protects pension rights
Ex: Office of American Workplace
Current Secretary: Hilda Solis

56. Housing and Urban Development
Founded: 1965
Preserve the nation’s communities and ensure equal housing opportunities
Ex: Government National Mortgage Association
Current Secretary: Shaun Donovan

57. Transportation Department
Founded: 1966
Regulate all aspects of transportation needs, policy development, and planning
Federal Aviation, Railroad, Highway, and Transit
Secretary: Ray Lahood

58. Energy Department Founded: 1977
Plans energy policy and researches and develops energy technology
Secretary: Stephen Chu

59. Question
What are some new research methods that the Energy Department is trying to work on to help the world with their environment problem?

60. Answer: Clean Energy, such as Wind, Solar, Clean Coal, Electric Cars

61. Health and Human Services Department
Founded: 1979
Health and social services needs of people
Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, FDA
Secretary: Kathleen Sebeliu

62. Education Department Founded: 1979
Coordinate federal assistance programs for public and private schools
Education is an essential feature of democracy
Secretary: Arne Duncan

63. Veterans Affairs Department
Founded: 1989
Administers several hospitals, educational, and other programs designed to benefit veterans and families
Secretary: Eric Shinseki

64. Homeland Security Department
Founded: 2002
Created after September 11th to help protect our nation, analyzes information from FBI and CIA
Secretary: Janet Napiltano

65. Organization Cont.

66. Title: The Damages of the Bureaucracy
Artist: unknown, La Presna, Panama
Date: May, 2006
Source:

67. Title: Federal Employees Self Esteem Class
Artist: Chip Bok
Date: unknown
Source:

68. Title: Another Layer of Bureaucracy
Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant
Date: February, 2006
Source: :

69. Title: FEMA’s Follies Artist: Mike Keefe, The Denver Post
Date: April, 2006
Source:

70. Essential Questions
What is the major importance of the Federal Bureaucracy?

71. Works Cited Page http://www.federalbudget.com/chartinfo.html
The Federal Bureaucracy: Examining the Fourth Branch