1. Arrival of Freud!

2. Sigmund Freud
Freud was born of Jewish parentage in Freiburg, Moravia the first of seven children. The family moved in 1860 to Vienna, Austria-Hungary (now the Czech Republic )
Freud studied medicine at the University of Vienna under Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician. From 1882 to 1886 Freud worked at the General Hospital, and experimented among others with cocaine, also using it himself.
He went to Paris in 1885 to study under Jean Martin Charcot at the Salpetriere Hospital. There the hypnotic treatment of women, who suffered from a medical state called ‘hysteria’, led Freud to take an interest in psychiatry.

3. Influence of Josef Breuer
His former tutor, Breuer, had with some success by encouraging patients to talk about their past under hypnosis.
1895 they wrote Studies in Hysteria
Freud's idea was that all humans have an unconscious where potent sexual and aggressive drives, and defenses against them, struggle for supremacy.
Freud ‘discovered’ the unconscious mind… but the idea has been around since Homer.

5. Freud and the Psychoanalytic Unconscious
An iceberg is often used to provide a visual representation of Freud’s theory that most of the human mind operates unconsciously.
Conscious mind - ego
Unconscious mind Further divided into the id - instincts and drive
and the superego – conscience

6. Unconscious Terms Preconscious
Thoughts which are unconscious, but not repressed, able for recall
Capable of becoming conscious

7. Unconscious Terms Ego (I) Mediator Defenses are unconscious
Id (It) Instinctive part
Unconscious hereditary
Innate & Repressed / Acquired through
experience – in conflict with ego
Super ego (Over-I) Judge censor formation of ideals
Parental prohibitions and denials

8. Diagram of the Unconscious

9. Mental Iceberg

10. The Nervous System
Happy stimuli reached the nervous system – no reaction remains in a neutral state.
An unhappy stimuli provokes a greater reaction with more energy needed to keep it away.
Stimuli of anxious energy are repelled by the nervous system only to constantly return and to be again repelled.
 So stimuli with a command and energy to move your arm, hits the nervous system and discharges its energy through the physical movement of the arm: the nervous system returns to neutral
Unhappy thought and feelings keep being repelled by the nervous system and returning to it.

11. Diagram of the The Nervous System
Happy Thoughts
Neutral
Unhappy Thoughts
Energy

12. Summary of the Nervous System
The Nervous System wants to remain NEUTRAL Happy Energy / Thoughts are neutral
Unhappy energy / thoughts have ENERGY are not tolerated by the nervous system
Bounce off the nervous system to go where? The Unconscious?

13. Characteristics of the Unconscious
The Unconscious is full of energy from unpleasant feelings
Always wants to escape to the Conscious
Always held back by the Pre Conscious and Conscious

14. Characteristics of the Unconscious
The Unconscious cannot remain unconscious
How does it escape into the conscious?
How does it pass by the guards of the pre-conscious and conscious?

15. Characteristics of the Unconscious

16. Characteristics of the Unconscious
Uses Disguise
Opposites / Parallels / Symbols / Metaphors
Usually some connection to original idea

17. Characteristics of the Unconscious

18. Unconscious diagram
Conscious
Pre- Conscious
Unconscious

19. Unconscious diagram 2
Conscious
Pre- Conscious
Unconscious

20. Unconscious diagram 3 Conscious Pre- Conscious Unconscious Repression
Distortion
Repression
Distortion
Unconscious

21. Unconscious diagram 4 Conscious Actions Pre- Conscious Unconscious
Body movements
Pre- Conscious
Receive from external world
and Internal sources
Repression
Distortion
Knowledge, Memories Accessible to conscious
Repression
Distortion
Setting up of experiment
Physician’s Order
Unconscious

22. Hypnosis Example
Man asked to shout “red smoke” every time the physician claps his hand
Which part of the hypnosis is conscious and unconscious?

23. Hypnotised Person diagram
Conscious
Pre- Conscious
Action
Repression
Distortion
Repression
Distortion
Setting up of experiment
Physician’s Order
Unconscious

24. Hypnotised Person diagram
Conscious
Pre- Conscious
Action: Shout ‘red smoke’
Repression
Distortion
Repression
Distortion
Setting up of experiment
Physician’s Order: explains to person under hypnosis that when physician claps his hands he shouts ‘red smoke’
Unconscious

25. Intro to Kate Woman in temporary accommodation
In rel. with violent boyfriend / friends don’t like him
He disappeared with her flat keys
Stays with him when he is asleep in the day: does not leave flat
30 minutes late to sessions

26. Kate Conscious Pre- Conscious Unconscious Repression Distortion
Afraid to question herself / or allow others to question
Conscious
Pre- Conscious
Fractured isolated life style Repeating pattern /men abusing her, provoking violence towards herself
Repression
Distortion
She senses that something is wrong: leading a life she doesn’t want
Repression
Distortion
Unconscious
Anger/Ideas/Energy satisfied to maintain status quo by entering conscious in a distorted state

27. Kate 2 Conscious Pre- Conscious Unconscious Fear Pain Repression
Afraid to question herself / or allow others to question
Conscious
Pre- Conscious
Angry at boyfriend attracts violence
Trusts and believes him, so attracts violence Repeating pattern
Repression
Distortion 1 2
Has access to feelings of not trusting, not believing 4 3
Repression
Distortion
Anger turned back by repression
Unconscious
Angry trying to reach conscious
Unsatisfied anger gaining energy
Angry situation
censored
Fear Pain

28. Repressions
1: Anger her own somebody else’s experienced as un-pleasurable so repressed Learnt anger is bad: family influence?
2: Displacement of object of anger – creates violent situation towards herself
3: Always late: no time to talk: no opportunity to explain
4: Dramatises situation to distract herself /counsellor from her feelings

29. Reactions Counsellor: irritated and angry on her behalf and with her
Concerned for her re: violence. Frustrated with repeating pattern. Wants her to give boyfriend up
Supervisor: Angry with her: repeating set up

30. Example – Group Therapy
Group members asked about trust in the group
One group member says - this group is cold
Cries and relates a trauma / talks emotionally
Q: How can she trust the group to speak like this?

31. Example – Group Therapy
Group member is a coper/manager expected to manage
Sets up family and friends to see her as a coper/manager

32. Example – Group Therapy
Unconsciously set up group to be cold (even though she experiences as trusting)
To remain a coper
This had to be pointed out to her as she was unaware of it

33. Psychoanalysis Psychological theory conceived 19th / early 20th
Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions,
Mostly by some of Freud's students, such as Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Wilhelm Reich
Later by neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Jacques Lacan

34. Psychoanalysis
Development is determined by events in early childhood by irrational drives;
Drives are largely unconscious
Making person aware of meets resistance called defense mechanisms
Conflicts between conscious and unconscious (repressed)
Liberation from the effects of the unconscious is done by making it conscious with a psychoanalyst

35. Psychoanalysis Patient lies on the couch and talks
Analyst - Blank Screen / does not speak
Unconscious brought to light by
Free Association Dreams
Transference / Counter Transference

36. Psychoanalysis & Archaeology
Freud’s Desk

37. Psychoanalysis Realising the unconscious is like an archaeological dig
Brush away the earth to reveal another layer
Repeat unconscious ideas to patient at each level - Directions to Jerusalem

38. Psychoanalysis Transference
Unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another
The inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood
Redirection of feelings and desires and especially of those unconsciously retained from childhood toward a new object
Copying of emotions relating to repressed experiences, especially of childhood, and the substitution of another person ... for the original object of the repressed impulses
Better understanding of the patient's feelings

39. Psychoanalysis Transference
Transference can form a relationship of
Erotic Feelings
Rage / Hatred
Mistrust Parent / Extreme dependence Putting therapist in a god-like or guru status

40. Psychoanalysis Counter-Transference
Psychoanalyst’s feelings towards the patient
Emotional entanglement with a patient.
Psychoanalyst’s familiarity own countertransference is as critical as understanding the transference
Valuable insight into what patients are attempting to elicit in them.

41. Counter -Transference Example
Psychoanalyst who is sexually attracted to a patient
Understand the countertransference aspect (if any) of the attraction, and look at how the patient might be eliciting this attraction.
When the countertransference feelings are identified the therapist can ask the patient what his or her feelings are toward the therapist,
Can explore how those feelings relate to unconscious motivations, desires, or fears.

42. Carl Jung 1875 –1961
Both Jung and Freud had profound belief in the unconscious
Jung emphasised the role of symbolism
Fell out: Freud not flexible enough to further Jung’s work
Drew on Mythical and anthropological to illuminate (not prove) his theory

43. Jung / Freud Differences
Freud – Scientific Psychoanalysis
Theory Instincts Sexuality
Conscious/Unconscious /Free A./Dreams
Jung – Unscientific Analytic Psychology
Archetypes Collective Unconscious, Literature, Myths and Legends

44. Carl Jung Archetypes The Self (ego) - archetype of wholeness
Shadow – generally negative projected onto less favoured groups and indivduals
Persona – the face shown to others

45. Carl Jung Archetypes Anima – In men feminine aspect of man
Animus – In women masculine aspect of of women
Function as opposites in the unconscious
Influence relations of men and women to each other

46. Carl Jung Sources
Symbols from mythology, religion, fairy tales, alchemic texts
Symbols shared be everyone ….
Collective Unconscious – pool of experience accessible to all

47. Carl Jung Jungian Analysis
Goal - Analysand’s wholeness
Come to terms with the Unconscious
Establish on-going relationship between consciousness and the unconscious
Examine relationship between unconscious and everyday life

48. Carl Jung Diagram of Psyche
Conscious
Personal Ucs
Collective Ucs
Self
Complexes