1. Motivation and Emotion

2. Motivation Motivation
An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal
Psychologists infer motivation from goal-directed behavior
Human behavior is energized by many motives that may originate from the outside of us or inside of us

3. Motivation Name some things that motivate you
We experience motivation in different ways because of:
Instinct
Drive-reduction
Incentive
Cognitive theories of motivation

4. Instinct Innate tendencies that determine behavior
Psychologist William McDougall was the first to note the concept that humans are motivated by instinct
Psychologist William James stated that humans have the instincts of: cleanliness, curiosity, parental, love, sociability, and sympathy.

5. Instinct Flaws with the instinct theory:
They do not explain behavior, they label it
It is still studied, but have began to focus on other theories to explain motivation

6. Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducing
behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need
(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive
(hunger, thirst)

7. Drive-Reduction Theory
Need
Biological or psychological requirement of an organism
Drive
A state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal
Homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

8. Harry Harlow Monkey Experiment
Proved that the drive-reduction theory wasn’t necessarily true
The monkey spent more time with the cloth monkey for comfort and just enough time for getting food from the other

9. Incentive
An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior
People are motivated to obtain positive incentives and to avoid negative incentives

10. Cognitive Theory
Extrinsic motivation: engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives
Intrinsic motivation- engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

11. Over-justification Effect
When people are given extrinsic motivation needed to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines
Book example:
You enjoy reading –someone begins paying you to read
You question whether you should read or not
You stop getting paid, you might lose complete interest in the task

12. Biological and Social Motives
Section 2
Biological and
Social Motives

13. Biological Motives
Biological needs are critical to our survival and physical well-being
We have built in regulating systems
Body temperature
Blood sugar levels
Production of hormones

14. Homeostasis
The tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

15. Hunger What motivates us to eat? Smell? Habit?
Body requires food to grow, to repair itself, and store reserves
Lateral hypothalamus- the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals
Ventromedial- the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

16. Motivation-Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

17. Motivation-Hunger Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
provides the major source of energy for body tissues
when its level is low, we feel hunger

18. Motivation-Hunger Set Point Basal Metabolic Rate
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate
body’s base rate of energy expenditure

19. Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

20. Motivation-Hunger

21. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa
when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female
Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

22. Motivation at Work Flow Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

23. Motivation at Work Personnel Psychology Organizational Psychology
sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
Organizational Psychology
Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

24. Motivation at Work

25. Motivation at Work Structured Interview Achievement Motivation
process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants
rated on established scales
Achievement Motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment
for mastery of things, people, or ideas
for attaining a high standard

26. Motivation at Work
Personnel psychologists’ tasks

27. Motivation at Work
360-degree feedback

28. Motivation at Work
On the right path

29. Motivation Task Leadership Social Leadership
goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership
group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

30. Motivation Theory X Theory Y
assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
workers should be directed from above
Theory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

31. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization needs
Need to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Esteem needs
Need for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,
and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needs
Need to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid
loneliness and alienation
Safety needs
Need to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Physiological needs
Need to satisfy hunger and thirst