1. The Middle Ages

2. Early Middle Ages
Dark Ages (500 CE CE)- scholars named this as a time when the forces of darkness (barbarians) overwhelmed the forces of light (Romans)
Rise of influence of barbarians it was these barbarians who eventually became the new rulers of Europe.

3. Attack on Europe
Magyars (Hungary) overran eastern Europe and Germany, parts of France, and Italy.
Vikings (Scandinavia) expert sailors. looted and burned communities along the coasts and rivers of Europe.
Groups categorized by languages and little else but will lead to vast empires.
Celtic: Britons, Picts, and Scots
Germanic: Goths, Franks, Vandals, Saxons
Slavs: Ethnic group that inhabit Eastern Europe

6. Unifying Force
The Church

7. Expanding Influence of the Church
Christian Church has become an important political, economic, spiritual and cultural force in Europe
Leading officials of Church were the Pope and Patriarch
Banning of heresy (holding beliefs that contradict the official religion)
conversion by force
Christian Church has become an important political, economic, spiritual and cultural force in Europe
Leading officials of Church were the bishops of Rome (Pope) and Constantinople (Patriarch)
As influence grew, laws were passed to forced people to become Christians and banned heresy (holding beliefs that contradict the official religion)
Fines were given against heretics, then harsher penalties and even death
Eventually, conversion by force
Eventually in 11th Century, Church split into two independent branches Eastern Orthodox (Greek) based in Constantinople and Roman Catholic in Rome

8. The Catholic Church gave administrators to the kings, and the kings protected the church.
Eventually in 11th Century, Church split into two independent branches Eastern Orthodox (Greek) based in Constantinople and Roman Catholic in Rome
Orthodox leaders were forced to obey the Byzantine Emperor

9. Justinian the Great (ruled 527-565 CE)
Byzantine Emperor
Goal to reunite the Roman world as a Christian Empire
Ordered the codification of Roman laws in the Justinian Code that defined civil law in the Middle Ages

10. Byzantine Empire in 6th Century

11. The Caliphate
Islam became the unifying force of North Africa and the Middle East.
Islam was founded by the Prophet Muhammed around 610 CE on the Arabian Peninsula when he traveled from the city of Mecca to Medina preaching that there is one God and he was the final prophet
He will then return to Mecca in 630 and dedicate the Kaaba to Allah

13. Teachings of Islam Monotheistic
The Qur'an is the holy book of Islam and contains Muhammed’s teachings.
Islam does not separate religious and secular law, Islam is a way of life to be followed at all times.
Five Pillars:
Declaration of faith
Daily prayer
Fasting during Ramadan
Charity
Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca

14. Spread of Islam Mostly spread gradually through trade routes
However, much of North Africa was conquered by Muhammed’s successors and the land they ruled was known as the Caliphate.
The Caliphate united the lands, drove out the Christian Byzantines, and established centers of learning in Cordoba (Spain), Baghdad (Iraq), and Cairo (Egypt)
The Caliphate reached it’s greatest extent under the Abbasid Empire
They also established a massive trade network that will stretch from Indonesia to Spain

16. Early France

17. Merovingians Leader in 481 CE was Clovis I- he united Frankish tribes
His conversion to Christianity won him support from the Church
Merovingian is derived from the leader of the tribe of Franks
First dynasty after the Romans and ruled for 300 years
Leader in 481 CE was Clovis I- he united Frankish tribes and made a large fighting force in Northern Gaul, drastically expanding his territory
His conversion to Christianity won him support from the Church
Clovis I wrote Salic Law which assigned a specific financial value to everyone and everything and in the case of a crime, the guilty had to pay the victim for losses; as well trial options (trial by oath and trial by ordeal)
Merovingian's founded and built many monasteries, churches and palaces and spread Christianity throughout Western Europe
Eventually dynasty declined as kings relaxed power and became more like figure heads whereas the real power lay with the powerful officials and leading aristocracy
He wrote Salic Law which assigned a specific financial value to everyone and everything and in the case of a crime, the guilty had to pay the victim for losses; as well trial options such as (trial by oath= people of status will swear in defence of accused) and trial by ordeal (accused to perform a physical test to show innonnce (believed that God would protect and help the innocent)

19. Carolingians
Rise of Charles Martel who dominated Frankish kingdom in 8th century
732 AD Battle of Tours secures France for Christianity
Rise of aristocratic Charles Martel who dominated Frankish kingdom in 8th century
Solidified claim with military victories in pushing Muslims south and establishing Frankish control of southern Gaul
He confiscated land given to Church and began Church reforms that would restore spirituality to clerical life
His son Pepin the Short continued Church reforms and eventually with the support of reformed Church, removed last Merovingian king from throne
Established the Carolingian dynasty, named to protect the papacy and establish the pope and bishops are the makers of kings
Greatest legacy was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne

20. The Holy Roman Empire & Charlemagne
Charlemagne (Charles the Great) who was a military general and restored Pope Leo III who had been exiled
In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne and named him the “Emperor of the Romans” which secured the relationship between Frankish kings and the papacy
Charlemagne became the first Holy Roman Emperor
Iberbia- (present day Spain) had privileged class of estate owners called seniores; strong ties to Church; southern Spain conquered by Moors (Islamic people from North Africa) and clashes between Christians and Muslims, who were called infidels (Latin meaning unfaithful)

22. Map of Europe in 998.

23. High Middle Ages CE

24. High Middle Ages New royal dynasty called Capetians in France
System of primogeniture= system where eldest son inherited everything (instead of dividing land / property / wealth)
Lords and knights however had little loyalty and began competing more fiercely for land, power, influence and control
Peace of God= a set of decrees issued in 989 CE that prohibited stealing church property, assaulting clerics, peasants and women with the threat of excommunication from Church
Truce of God= set in 1027 CE truce encouraged idea that the only combat pleasing to God was in the defense of Christendom (idea of the righteousness of holy war)
1095 CE Pope Urban II referred to Truce of God when calling knights to the first Crusade in support of Christians

25. Feudal Contract A mutual pledge signed by the lord and his Vassal.
The Vassal receives the Fief or estate (land) from the Lord and in exchange he promises military service, monetary (money) payments and crops back to the Lord.

26. Manors
Manors were self sufficient; all economic activity occurred on the manor.
This meant that little to no trade occurred during this time period. 
Most of the peasants during the Middle Ages were serfs.
Serfs were given land to farm in exchange for service to their lord. 
Service included working in the fields, maintaining roads and the manor, or military service during wars. . 

29. The life of a peasant 1. Worked long hours
2. Disease - peasants lived beyond the age of 35.
3. Simple Diet – Usually no meat
4. hunger was common
5. peasants celebrated, marriages and births. Got breaks at Christmas and Easter

30. CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER
KING
LOYALTY AND
SERVICE
LAND
POWERFUL
NOBLES
LAND AND
PROTECTION
LOYALTY AND
MILITARY SERVICE
LESSER NOBLES
(KNIGHTS)
LABOR
PROTECTION
SERFS AND FREEMEN 30 30