1. DNA
The Central Dogma

2. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Is found in all of your cells.
Contains the genetic information to build and operate YOU.
Ted-Ed Twisting Tale of DNA

3. The Nobel Prize
Four (?) scientists at Cambridge University discovered DNA.
TED-Ed Rosalind Franklin

4. The Human Genome Project
Maps the DNA of our species.
Ted-Ed Human Genome
How does the approach of the HGP contrast with that of the Cambridge Scientists?

5. The Central Dogma
A Dogma is a principle that is incontrovertibly true.
The Central Dogma to Biochemistry is:
DNARNAProtein
Stated Clearly DNA
Flash CD at Wiley

7. DNA Technologies
Focus on: Cloning, Gene Therapy, DNA Fingerprinting

8. Cloning Organisms that are exact genetic copies
Embryo twinning is one form of cloning, this happens naturally and artificially
Cloning from a somatic cell (not an egg or sperm) is relatively new…this was used to make Dolly the Sheep

9. Gene Therapy Replacing a damaged gene in a genome with a healthy gene
Instead of treating symptoms of a disease this ‘undoes’ the genetic reason for the disease.
Can be done ‘in-patient’ (in vivo) or in a petri dish (ex vivo)
Gene Therapy

10. DNA Fingerprinting Also known as DNA Profiling
Uses DNA to recognize a unique individual as each individual has unique DNA
Often used in criminal investigations but also in scientific research
In A Nutshell: CRISPR Video

11. Genetic Variation & Adaptation
Evolution!!!!

12. Genetic Variation Is created by: Mutations Gene flow
Sexual reproduction  
Genetic Drift (chance)

13. Genetic Variation: Mutations
Mutations are changes in the genetic code that occur during cell division.
When DNA is being copied, some of the DNA may not be copied correctly, and this can affect which proteins are produced.  

14. Types of Mutation Gene Mutations: Chromosome Mutations Point Mutations
Stated Clearly Mutations
Chromosome Mutations
Gene Duplications
Ted Ed Genes

15. Positive vs Negative vs Neutral
Most mutations have no impact on the body
A positive mutation will enhance an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
Examples: lactose tolerance and drug-resistant bacteria
A negative mutation will impair an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
Examples: cystic fibrosis and color blindness

16. Case Study: Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is a disease that changes the shape of red blood cells.
People with sickle cell anemia experience pain and fatigue at high elevations or during intense exercise, but also are resistant to malaria

17. Mutagens
Mutations are caused when DNA gets damaged by environmental factors
These are called mutagens
Unless it effects a reproductive cell, it is not passed on…but it may cause cancer.

18. Genetic Variation: Gene Flow
This is any change in the collective genome of a population
Usually due to immigration

19. Genetic Variation: Sex
Occurs when Meiosis produces sex cells
In humans, only 23 chromosomes of each parent are passed on to the next generation.
In a process called Crossing Over, homologous chromosomes often exchange genes.
About 8.4 million gene combinations are possible for humans given that we have 46 chromosomes.

20. Genetic Variation: Chance
Founder Effects Non-Random Mating Genetic Drift

21. Evolution
For evolution to occur genetic variation must be present in a population
Stated Clearly
Video on Evolution

22. Evolution: Natural Selection
Natural Selection is another way of introducing genetic variation.
Unlike the others we’ve looked at, Natural Selection drives Evolution.
Ted Ed Five Fingers of Evolution

24. Evolution: Artificial Selection
When humans direct genetic variation in populations, intentionally or by mistake.
Anti-biotic Resistance
Agriculture
Dog Breeding
Stated Clearly: What is Natural Selection

25. Evolution: Artificial Selection
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) are created when DNA from multiple species are combined.
In a Nutshell: GMO’s Good or Bad
In a Nutshell: Gene Drive and Mosquitoes

26. Evolution: The Benefits of Genetic Variation
Without genetic variation, a population has a hard time adapting to environmental changes.
If organisms do not evolve, they face an increased risk of extinction.
Red Queen Hypothesis Biodiversity and Genes (Cal. Acad. Of Sci)

27. Evolution: The Benefits of Biodiversity
Ted ed Biodiversity Biodiversity Ecosystems and Networks (Cal. Acad. Of Sci.)
Without species richness, ecosystems are more susceptible to collapse.
“One planet, one experiment” … Edward O. Wilson