1. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Addresses issues of the fundamental diversity of life

2. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Addresses issues of the fundamental diversity of life
Recognizes three “domains” within which are the Kingdoms

3. Deep-rooted phylogeny

4. Deep-rooted phylogeny
The basic processes of DNA transcription (copying)
and translation (making RNA and proteins) were established within the universal ancestor.

5. Deep-rooted phylogeny
The universal ancestor gave rise to three
very different lineages of cellular life.

6. Deep-rooted phylogeny

7. Deep-rooted phylogeny
“Prokaryotic” structure and diversity:
Relatively simple structurally (compared to eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes are ubiquitous
Prokaryotes are extremely complex and diverse biochemically…

8. Deep-rooted phylogeny

9. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes compared:
cell size
structure of chromosome
mode of reproduction
structural compexity

10. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Origin of the eukaryotic cell:
From an Archaea ancestor (no peptidoglycan cell wall, introns and histones, other similarities of metabolism)
Cell size increases (greater volume for metabolic processes)

11. Deep-rooted phylogeny
The “nuclear line” led from
Archaea to the evolving
eukaryotic cell
folding of the plasma membrane…
increase in size…

12. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Infolding of the plasma membrane
leads to formation of the membrane-
enclosed nucleus (and endoplasmic
reticulum?)

13. Deep-rooted phylogeny
What about other organelles?
The nuclear line
oxydative phosphorylation
Purple bacteria
with cellular respiration

14. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Purple bacteria are engulfed
by nuclear cell, but are not
digested
The evolving
eukaryotic cell
Purple bacteria are “endosymbiotic;” they reside within the cytoplasm

15. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria are engulfed…
Purple bacteria are “endosymbiotic”

16. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria become chloroplasts
Purple bacteria become mitochondria

17. Deep-rooted phylogeny
chloroplasts and mitochondria are endosymbiotic, and
became endosymbiotic in series (one after the other) so this
evolutionary process is called “serial endosymbiosis”

18. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Evidence for serial endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in circular chromosomes

19. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Evidence of serial endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in circular chromosomes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of nucleus and cytoplasm

20. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Evidence of serial endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in circular chromosomes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of nucleus and cytoplasm
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes (like Bacteria but not like Eukarya)

21. Deep-rooted phylogeny
Evidence of serial endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in circular chromosomes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide separately/independently of nucleus and cytoplasm
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes (like Bacteria but not like Eukarya)
rRNA sequences link mitochondria to purple Bacteria and chloroplasts to cyanobacteria (molecular systematics applied to intracellular organelles)

22. Deep-rooted phylogeny