1. Race and Gender

2. Hate crimes
Criminal act against a person/property by an offender motivated by racial/other bias.
May express hostility towards someone’s race/religion/ancestry/sexual orientation/physical disability

3. Statistics 2003 – 7,500 hate crimes were recorded in the US.
1998 – Matthew Shepard was a gay University of Wyoming. He was assaulted for his sexual orientation.

4. National Gay/Lesbian Task Force stated:
One out of five lesbian/gay members of society are physically assaulted.
More than 90% are verbally abused
(Berill – 1992:19-20)
25% of hate crimes based on race targeted white people (Jenss & Grattest, 2001)

5. Deviance & Gender
Stricter controls on women Historically society has centered women in the home Therefore………. Women have limited opportunities in the US. Women have little or no opportunities around the world.

6. Examples……. Saudi Arabia – women can’t vote OR drive
Iran – if a woman shows her hair, she can be whipped
In 2002, a divorced Nigerian woman bore a child out of wedlock. She was sentenced to death by stoning.
It was later overturned to protect the health of the unborn baby.

7. Strain Theory applied…………
Cultural goals – financial success (male focused theory) Strain results from a cultural idea of equality (female focused theory)

8. Labeling theory applied………
Different standards for judging behavior
Women vs men
Society has usually put men in positions of power over women
Therefore………..
Often people (men) escape direct responsibility for their victimizing actions

9. Con’t (labeling theory)
Women who are victimized may have to convince others (ex: Jury) not to blame the victim for this sexual harassment.
Ex: Use of background of the woman; how she was dressed; etc.
– The Accused

10. Social-conflict analysis
This does not address gender at all
If economic disadvantage is the primary cause of crime……..
Why do women commit fewer crimes?

11. Crime
Violation of criminal laws enacted by a locality, a state or a federal government.

12. Element #1:
The act itself
Failure to do what the law requires

13. Element #2: Criminal intent “guilty mind” Matter of degree
Willful conduct to negligence

14. Negligence
person doesn’t set out to hurt anyone but still fails to act in a way that results in harm.
1st or 2nd degree manslaughter
Negligent manslaughter
Self-defense

15. Types of crime

16. Crimes against the person
Violent crimes
Direct violence
Threat of violence against others

17. Types of violent crime:
Murder
Manslaughter
Aggravated Assault
Forcible Rape
Robbery

18. Willful killing another human being Purposeful or by accident
Murder & Manslaughter
Willful killing another human being Purposeful or by accident

19. Aggravated assault
Unlawful attack for purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury

20. Carnal knowledge of a female forcibly or against her will
Forcible rape
Carnal knowledge of a female forcibly or against her will

21. Robbery
Taking or attempt to take anything of value from care/custody/control by threat/force or putting the victim in fear

22. Crimes against property
Crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others
Burglary
Larceny/theft
Auto theft
Arson

23. Unlawful entry of a structure to commit a serious crime or theft
Burglary
Unlawful entry of a structure to commit a serious crime or theft

24. Larceny/theft
Unlawful taking, carrying, leading, riding away of property from possession of another

25. Theft/attempted of a vehicle
Auto theft
Theft/attempted of a vehicle

26. arson
Any willful/malicious burning or attempt to burn the personal property of another

27. Definition is: No obvious “victims” “Crimes without complaints”
Victimless crimes…….???
Definition is: No obvious “victims”
“Crimes without complaints”
Include:
Drug use; prostitution; gambling

28. Unfortunately…..these do have “victims”
Pregnant teen who is addicted to drugs?
Baby as well as “mom” is suffering.
Business man who is gambles away his life savings?
Family has no money and has to struggle
Pre-teen boy who steals to buy more drugs?
Stealing to fund a habit that is also victimizing him

29. Statistics………… 1960 – 1990: crime rates were high
2003: crime rates have decreased
12 million serious crimes are reported each year in the US (only known to the police)
Homicides – most reported
Assaults – rarely reported
Property crimes – low depending on the amount lost
Victimization surveys – crime rate is 3 times higher than officially reported (Russell, 1995b)

30. Due process Police Courts Punishment
Justice system
Due process Police Courts Punishment

31. Due process Bill of Rights (Constitution) Right to:
Counsel; 5th Amendment (deny to testify; Double Jeopardy; etc); confront accusers; Speedy/public trial; fair punishment (no cruel/unusual punishment)

32. Accuser has a right to…………
1 – fair notice of proceedings 2 – hearing on charges/ability to present defense 3 – judge/jury of peers

33. Police
Primary point of contact between the justice system and society’s population

34. Courts
Plea bargaining – negotiation could reduce a charge or prison sentence
Punishments
Include:
Retribution; Deterrence; Rehabilitation; Societal Protection

35. Retribution
Act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
This helps the “moral balance”

36. Deterrence
Attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
Specific: convince criminal that crime doesn’t pay
General: punishment of one person which serves as an example

37. Rehabilitation
Program to reform the offender to prevent later offenses
Motivates the offender to conform
Tailors to the offender not the crime

38. Societal protection
Renders the offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through prison and/or execution

39. Community based Corrections
Correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls
Main advantages:
Reduce costs; reduces overcrowding in prisons; allows for supervision without prison/stigma
Probation
Shock probation
Parole

40. Probation
A policy permitting the convicted offender to stay in the community under conditions imposed by the court.
Examples:
Receive counseling; drug treatment program; hold a job; stay away from “known criminals”; etc
Result of not “following the rules”………….go back to prison

41. Shock probation
Policy by which a judge orders a convicted offender to prison for a short time but then suspends the remainder of the sentence for probation.
Used to show the seriousness of the situation
Could be a military like setting for 1 – 3 months to teach discipline and respect for authority

42. Parole
Policy of releasing inmates from prison to serve the remainder of their sentences in the local community.
Under supervision
Most become “eligible for parole” after serving a certain amount of time
Sentence is then “complete”