1. JOSEPH STALIN
(r )

2. BIOGRAPHY 1878 –1953 Joseph Dzhugashvili Gori, Georgia
Peasant – Father Boot maker
“Pocky” (Age 7)
1899 expelled from Seminary School
1902 imprisoned – exiled to Siberia
1904 – Escaped Siberia
1905 met Lenin
1911 editor of Pravda
1917 – Commissar of Nationalities

3. RISE TO POWER 1878 –1953 “Man of Steel” “Socialism in One Country”
General Secretary of the Communist Party (1922)
Power – command of bureaucratic and administrative control
Admission to the party and promotion within it
10,000 appointments – regional, district, city , and town party secretaries

4. “WE ARE FIFTY OR ONE HUNDRED YEARS BEHIND THE ADVANCE COUNTRIES
“WE ARE FIFTY OR ONE HUNDRED YEARS BEHIND THE ADVANCE COUNTRIES. WE MUST MAKE GOOD THIS DISTANCE IN TEN YEARS” - Stalin

5. TROTSKY vs. STALIN Lev Davidovich Bronshtein Trotsky (1879 – 1940)
Commissar for War
Leader of the Red Army
“Permanent Revolution”
World Revolution
Left wing Bolsheviks
1927 expelled from the Communist party
1929 exiled from Russia

6. MARISM-LENINISM-STALINISM
Revokes the NEP
Five-Year Plans – Rapid Industrialization
“Collectivization” - Agricultural
“Revolution from above”
Cultural Revolution
Worker/Police State
Totalitarian Dictatorship
Cult of Personality

7. FIVE-YEAR PLANS 5 YEAR PLANS (1928) – first of many
Economic, social, and political revolution
Rapid Industrialization
Revoked the NEP (too capitalistic)
Iron, Steel, machines, electric, transportation
Economic Growth – Heavy Industry
111% coal, 200% iron, 335% electric production
Increased output – higher wages, better housing
2nd only to the U.S

8. FIVE-YEAR PLANS 25 million migrated to cities
Production = – 4x’s
Hired Foreign Engineers
Unemployment unknown
Women worked in factories
Personal Advancement – incentives, pensions, education, medical services

9. FIVE-YEAR PLANS
Steel production 4 million to 18 million tons
Coal output 36 to 128 million tons
Production of capital goods and armaments
Quadrupled production of heavy machinery
Doubled oil production
Weapons increase tenfold or more
Real wages declined 43% b/w
Housing and consumer goods declined
Human cost?

10. JOSEPH STALIN
“WORKER STATE” – right to employment, leisure time, annual paid vacations, social security, old-age, accident, sickness insurance, medical and hospital care
Labor Conditions? – lateness, absence, fined sent to Labor Camps
GULAG

11. GULAG Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei
Main administration of Corrective Labor Camps
Soviet system of forced labor camps
Origins 1917 Revolution
Height during the reign of Stalin
White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal ( ) – 141 mile canal
100,000 prisoners – pickaxes, shovels, wheel barrels created in just 20 months – SUCCESS?
Kolyma - harshest of all the camps “means death”
Arctic region – harsh temperatures, insufficient rations, sleep, and clothing – hour work day

15. GULAG
More people passed through the GULAG than the Nazi concentration camps; yet, the GULAG is still not nearly as well know. WHY?
Nazi camps used to “exterminate”
GULAG – weapon of ongoing political control over one country
“trials” – 5 minutes – sentences 8-10 years
Article 58 – (1928) – anti-Soviet activity
25% “political prisoners”
Mining, rail construction, arms & chemical factories, electricity plants, fish canning, airport, apartment, and sewage construction

16. COLLECTIVIZATION Artificial famine – 10 million died
Collective Farms or “Collectivization” (1929)
Agricultural output
25 Million Farmers
Forced farmers to pool their land, livestock, equipment
Lenin’s NEP produced Kulaks – well-to-do peasants – peasant capitalists - or anyone who resisted collectivization
refused – 1932 entire class eliminated – forced labor camps, or killed
‘liquidation” of the entire class
Artificial famine – 10 million died

17. COLLECTIVIZATION Peasants “cursed problem” War against peasants
New socialist state
1929 forced consolidation peasant farms = state controlled
Kulaks refused – 5 million – liquidated
Output identical to 1913

18. COLLECTIVIZATION Wide spread famine
Ukraine – approximately 6 million died
Millions migrated to cities
Overcrowding, sewage, housing
OUTCOME – Production of food did not increase

19. “Annihilate the Kulaks as a class!”

20. TERROR
Secret Police (NKDV), Purge Trials ( ) – accused of disloyalty – enemies
– “Great Terror”
Shot 1500 people a day
Eliminate opposition - - high Soviet leaders, civilian party members, major party leaders, army officers, diplomats, intellectuals, Old Bolsheviks

21. PURGE TRIALS
Mid 1930’s
Officials, workers, peasants, intellectuals, military
Sergei Kirov ( )- #2 man assassinated
Millions killed, exiled, sent to labor camps
OUTCOME – consolidation of power – new Communists loyal to Stalin

22. STALIN TODAY
“What role did Stalin play in the history of our country?”
POSITIVE 53%
NEGATIVE 33%
Had difficulty answering the question 14%
2003 – 50th anniversary of Stalin’s death
BBC World News Service

23. JOSEPH STALIN 1878 –1953 Preserved some revolutionary goals
No hereditary Czar, no privileged class, improved standard of living
New upper class – professionals, factory managers

24. CULT OF PERSONALITY Single leader Revolutionary transformation
Treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation
Transformation to a better future cannot occur without him
Superman
Propaganda
Hero Worship – “Uncle Joe”

31. “”A single death is a tragedy, a million is a statistic” - STALIN

41. “Ideas are far more powerful than guns
“Ideas are far more powerful than guns. We don't allow our enemies to have guns, why should we allow them to have ideas?” - STALIN

51. 20+ Million Deaths = Starvation, Forced Labor Camps, Purges