1. The Crusades

2. Causes Bored Knights Religious Devotion Muslim Advances/Victories
Byzantines asked for help
Desire to heal Great Schism

3. Call for a Crusade Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095
Objectives
Drive Turks from Anatolia
Obligate the Byzantines
Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms
Capture Holy Land

4. Major Events of Crusades
First Crusade
Achieved all major objectives in Holy Land
Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated
Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill.
Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighbors

5. Major Events of Crusades
Second Crusade,
Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat
Third Crusade,
Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
Saladin on Moslem side.

6. Major Events of Crusades
Fourth Crusade,
Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt.
To finance crusade, Crusaders worked for Venetians
Crusaders sacked Constantinople, 1204
Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

7. Major Events of Crusades
Fifth Crusade,
Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem
Moslems agreed
Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt, were routed
Sixth Crusade, 1229
Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation
Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years
He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

8. Major Events of Crusades
Seventh Crusade,
Led by Louis IX of France
Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
Eighth Crusade, 1270
Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.
The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291
One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

9. Where else in military history can we find a war that was won four times and still lost?

10. The Crusades Died Out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
Repeated military defeats
Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

11. Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans.
Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques.
Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
Romantic and imaginative literature.

12. Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe
Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches.
Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

13. Hundred Years’ War & the Plague

14. The Great Schism (Part 2)
The papacy was moved to Avignon, France in 1309.
Since people did not like the current pope, they elected a 2nd pope who ruled from Rome (1377).
Each declared the other to be a false pope and excommunicated his rival in 1378.
Later, a 3rd pope also held power.
With the help of the Holy Roman Emperor, the council forced all 3 popes to resign.
Left the papacy greatly weakened.

16. Challenge to Church Authority
John Wycliffe (1320s-1384) preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church.
He spread his ideas by translating the New Testament into English.
Jan Hus taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope.
Burned at the stake in 1415.

17. Bubonic Plague Strikes
The plague originated from Asia and spread along trade routes by fleas living on rats.
Killed 25 million Europeans between 1340 and 1400.
Started in China, spread from Italy throughout Europe.
Effects:
Population fell
Trade decline
Inflation
Serfs left manors
Peasants revolted
Increase in violence and warfare

19. Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) England wanted to control France.
The longbow changed warfare.
Gave England the advantage in the beginning.
Joan of Arc led the French in battle and helped save France.
Effects:
Nationalism rises.
Power of the French monarch increased.
English suffered a period of international turmoil.