1. The Crusades

2. The First Crusade Results: Causes: Leaders:
Seljuk desecration of Christian holy sites
Harassment of pilgrims
Turkish threat to the Byzantine Empire
Leaders:
Godfrey of Bouillon
Baldwin of Edessa
Raymond of Toulouse
The First Crusade
Results:
Defeat of the Seljuk Turks
Establishment of the Latin Kingdoms of Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli
The Latin Kingdoms

3. The Second Crusade Leaders: Raymond of Tripoli Cause:
Louis VII and Eleanor of France
Conrad of Germany
Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux
Cause:
The loss of the Latin Kingdom of Edessa to the Saracens under the leadership of Nur ad-Din
The Second Crusade
Results:
Louis decided to attack Damascus, an ally of the Christians rather than Edessa. The attack was a disaster and caused Muslim leaders who had been allied with the Latin Kingdoms to change their alliance.
The Crusade was a disaster and a complete failure

4. The Fall of Jerusalem Leaders: Guy de Lusignan Causes:
Balian of Ibelin
Causes:
Unification of the Saracen states under Saladin
Lack of unity in Jerusalem after death of Baldwin IV
The Fall of Jerusalem
Results:
Battle of Hattin – Crusader forces are massacred by Saladin’s army
Loss of Jerusalem and most of the Latin Kingdoms except a few cities along the coast

5. The Third Crusade Leaders: Richard I “Lion Heart” Cause:
Philip Augustus
Cause:
The loss of Jerusalem to Saladin ten years earlier
The Third Crusade
Results:
Reconquest of coastal cities; but Jerusalem is still in Muslim control
Treaty with Saladin allows Christian pilgrims to return to Jerusalem

6. The Fourth Crusade Leaders: Venetian princes Cause:
As always after the fall of Jerusalem – to get it back
Civil war on Byzantine Empire causes crusader army to get involved in it rather than go on to Egypt as planned
The Fourth Crusade
Results:
Crusaders conquer Constantinople and put a “puppet” king on the throne
City is sacked – including many churches and monasteries
Western Christianity is imposed
Leads to making the split between the Eastern and Western Churches permanent