1. B.A.T. Basic Appliance Training
Basic Electricity and
Reading Schematics
Presented by Greg Doster, PSA Trainer

2. Program Outline Reading Schematics Hop-scotching Safety Fundamentals
Voltage, Current Flow, Resistance, Wattage
Terminology & Symbols
Terms used in the Electrical and Major Appliance Industry
Recognizing symbols
Consistency – Things that are consistent
Circuit fundamentals
Complete circuit
Series, Parallel, Combination circuits
Electrical components
Switches/Controls, Timers, Motors, Transformers, Printed Circuit Boards (PCB), Thermistors & Sensors
Use of Instruments
Volt Meters, Ohm Meters, Watt Meters, Ammeters, Capacitance
Tips & Tricks
Jumpers, Cheater Cords, Simulators
Hop-scotching
Testing complete circuits
Reading Schematics

3. Electricity & Troubleshooting
The most common problems occur with the greatest frequency
85 % of the calls you encounter are going to be common problems
pumps, inlet valves, belts, fans, mechanical things that are very evident – don’t take much to find
15 % of the calls you encounter are going to cost you the greatest amount of time to troubleshoot and diagnose
You’ll have to use a VOM, you’ll have to read a schematic and do some heavy troubleshooting

4. Safety Practice working like the unit is hot or live.
Disconnect power before servicing or moving appliances.
Test to ensure power is OFF.
Follow Safe Servicing procedures as outlined by the manufacturer
Reconnect all Safety grounds
Re-secure all panels and covers
Use properly sized extension cords – the shorter, the better
Use a GFCI to protect yourself

5. Fundamentals Remember:
Current always takes the path of least resistance
When using an Ohm meter, it is applying voltage to the circuit being tested and it’s voltage and current will follow this rule
Study schematics on equipment that is working properly so you know what is supposed to be present when the equipment is not working
Practice makes perfect, if you practice you will get better

6. Fundamentals Voltage: Current: Resistance: Ohm’s Law – Watt’s Law:
Potential difference across two points
Pressure that pushes current
Current:
Electron flow through a load or conductor
Resistance:
Resists current flow / drops voltage
Ohm’s Law – Watt’s Law:
Expression of relationship between volts, ohms, and current

7. Ohm’s / Watt’s Law

8. Electrical Terms Ampere Breaker Buss Choke Circuit Conductor Cycle
Diode
Hertz
Line-One
Neutral
Load
Ohm
Pole
Relay
Volts
Watts
Power
Zero Ohms
Infinite
Resistance
Voltage drop

9. Electrical Symbols

10. Electrical Symbols

11. Electrical Symbols

12. Electrical Symbols

13. Electrical Symbols _______________________________
There is one thing about electrical symbols that will be consistent from schematic to schematic, manufacture to manufacture, product model to product model; that is:
_______________________________

14. Symbols Identify Components
Place the numbers on the lines beside the symbols on the next page to make the proper match.
Compressor Motor – C, S, R terminals
13. Single-Pole, Double-Throw (SPST) Switch
Crossover
14. Centrifugal Switch
Ballast
15. Plug Connector
4. Permanent Connection
16. Resistor / Heater
5. Adjustable Buzzer
Fuse
6. Incandescent Lamp
18. Multi-Position Switch
7. Fluorescent Lamp
Coil
8. Heat Rise Thermostat
20. Circuit Breaker
9. Adjustable Thermostat
Heater
10. Chassis Ground
Capacitor
Transformer
23. Pushbutton (DPST)
12. Grounded Service Cord
24. Single-Speed Motor

15. Symbols Identify Components

16. Electrical Symbols
When working on equipment, you have to keep an open mind when it comes to interpretation of anyone’s symbols.
You have to consider the source, the manufacturer’s background.

17. Circuit Fundamentals
Now let’s put all the basic components together with the symbols and build a circuit.
Each circuit normally starts at the source and makes it way through the components and loads then makes it’s way back to the source.
All circuits have to be complete circuits to operate.

18. Circuit Fundamentals
Most circuits are made up of four basic components:
______________
When tracing a circuit, start at the source and trace back to the source.

19. Circuit Fundamentals
Complete circuit

20. Circuit Fundamentals Series Circuit – only one path
Parallel Circuit – more than one path
Combination Circuits – contains both series and parallel

21. Electrical Components
Switches / Controls
Timers
Box of switches
Sequence charts
Transformers
Step-Up
Step-Down
Double-Duty
Motors
Shaded Pole
Split Phase
PSC
CSIR, CSCR

22. Electrical Components
AC / DC Motors
Permanent Magnet Motors
Electronically Commutated Motor (ECM)
PWM motors
Newer variable speed motors & Newer 36 pole motors

23. Use of Instruments
Voltage - No Voltage
Using an Am-meter in-line

24. Use of Instruments
Using an Ohm Meter
Continuity or short

25. Use of Instruments Testing Low Voltage power supplies
Use a known load
Banana Plug + resistor
RS #  resistor
Newer meters have protection built in
Replacement meters
Look for Hz capabilities
Look for Capacitance capabilities

26. Use of Instruments
You should be using Back Probes for checking into the small connectors that connect onto boards

27. Use of Instruments Hop-Scotch method Interpreting Volt Meter Readings
No voltage at the load – circuit is open
Full voltage at the load – load is bad
Diagnosing loads
If full voltage is applied to a load, it should be operating
Verify Load Operation by
Visual observation
Proper amp draw
Measuring proper amps – confirms operation

28. Tips & Tricks Jumpers Simulators “Shootin’ from the Cord”
Testing full circuits
Testing hidden components
Cheater Cords – “SMOKE TEST”

29. Reading Schematics
Reading schematics is not Rocket Science or Brain Surgery
It takes a lot of Patience and Perseverance
Practice

30. Reading Schematics Strip Circuits

31. Reading Schematics & Troubleshooting
Sequence Charts (Esterline)
Sequence charts (Esterline) are designed for one purpose, they breakdown the action that occurs inside a Timer as the timer advances through a cycle.
The chart shows, by increments, which switches are open or closed inside the timer at any given point in its rotation.

32. Reading Schematics

33. Symbol Quiz Ω

34. Schematics Basic Electric Water Heater Whirlpool Electric Dryer
GE Harmony Washer
Whirlpool Electric Range
Kenmore Gas Dryer
Maytag Electric Dryer
Maytag Neptune Washer
GE Refrigerator
Jenn Air Range
Whirlpool dishwasher
Frigidaire Front Load Washer

35. 2 Element Water Htr

36. Whirlpool Electric Dryer

37. Whirlpool Electric Dryer

38. GE Harmony Washer

39. Whirlpool Electric Range

40. Kenmore Gas Dryer

41. Maytag Gas Dryer

42. Maytag Gas Dryer Wiring diagram

43. Maytag Front Load Washer

44. GE Refrigerator

45. Jenn Air Range

46. Whirlpool Dishwasher

47. Frigidaire Front Load Washer